Effects of antibiotic growth promoters in simple or complex diets fed to weanling pigs

Recently, the Food and Drug Administration announced that the number of antibiotic growth promoters that are available to be used by pigs will be reduced to reduce the risk of transferring antibiotic resistance from animals to humans. Only antibiotics that are not used in human medicine may be used as antibiotic growth promoters by animals in the future. To accommodate this change, it may be necessary to re-evaluate the use of antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to pigs. It is possible that antibiotic growth promoters may be eliminated from swine diets if the complexity of the diets is increased. To test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of using an antibiotic growth promoter in diets formulated to vary in complexity.

Experimental design

Six diets were formulated in each of three phases. Days 0 to 11 comprised phase 1, days 11 to 25 comprised phase 2, and days 25 to 39 comprised phase 3. In phase 1, the low complexity diet was based primarily on corn and soybean meal, with 3% plasma protein and 25% whey. The medium complexity diet was similar but also contained 5% fish meal, mostly at the expense of SBM. The high complexity diet contained no fish meal but contained 7.5% plasma and 10% lactose, mostly at the expense of corn. In phase 2, the whey concentration was decreased in all diets, while plasma was eliminated from the low and medium diets and reduced to 3% in the high diet. Lactose was removed from the high complexity diet in phase 2 as well. In phase 3, whey was removed from the low complexity diet  and reduced to 5% of the medium and high complexity diets. Fish meal and plasma protein were removed from all diets in phase 3. For each diet in each phase, three additional diets were formulated by adding an antibiotic growth promoter (Pulmotil in phases 1 and 2 and Mecadox in phase 3) to the diet, resulting in 18 total diets.

A total of 294 weanling pigs with an average initial body weight of 6.32 kg were randomly allotted to the six dietary treatments. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and at the conclusion of each phase. Daily feed allotments and orts were recorded and used to calculate average daily feed intake and gain:feed ratio.

Results

Pigs fed the high complexity diet had a tendency toward increased body weight on day 11, and increased (P < 0.05) body weight on days 25 and 39 compared with pigs fed medium and low complexity diets (Table 1). Pigs fed the high complexity diet also had greater (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake in all phases and overall than pigs fed the low complexity diet, as well as greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain in phase 1, phase 2, and overall. However, the gain:feed ratio in the pigs fed the high complexity diet was less (P < 0.05) in phase 2, phase 3, and overall than in pigs fed the low and medium complexity diets.

Pigs fed diets containing an antibiotic growth promoter had greater (P < 0.05) body weight at day 25 compared with pigs fed no antibiotics. Average daily feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) among pigs fed an antibiotic growth promoer in phase 2, phase 3, and overall. Average daily gain was also greater (P < 0.05) in phase 2 for pigs fed the antibiotic growth promoter. In phase 3 and the overall experimental period, the gain:feed ratio was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed an antibiotic growth promoter.

Key points

  • The high complexity diet increased feed intake in weanling pigs, which resulted in greater gain. However, feed efficiency was decreased in pigs fed a high complexity diet.
  • Adding an antibiotic growth promoter to diets of any level of complexity increased feed intake and increased gain in phase 2. However, in this experiment, the antibiotic growth promoter had no effect on overall gain, and adding antibiotics decreased feed efficiency.
  • Addition of the antibiotic growth promoter to diets used in this experiment resulted in less improvement in pig growth performance compared with observations from previous experiments. The pigs used in the present research had an excellent health status, which may be the reason for this observation.

 

Table 1. Effects of diet complexity and antibiotics on growth performance of weanling pigs

 

No AGP

With AGP

P-value

Item

High

Medium

Low

High

Medium

Low

Complexity

AGP

Complexity × AGP

BW, kg

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

  d 11

8.79

7.98

8.22

8.95

8.47

8.19

0.07

0.43

0.72

  d 25

15.58

14.37

14.54

16.52

15.11

14.99

<0.01

<0.05

0.83

  d 39

25.15

23.85

23.93

25.95

24.47

23.62

<0.05

0.47

0.63

ADG, g/d

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

  d 0-11

224

150

174

237

194

171

<0.01

0.09

0.17

  d 11-25

483

456

452

540

474

485

<0.01

<0.01

0.29

  d 25-39

671

678

672

675

670

618

0.27

0.24

0.34

  d 0-39

483

449

452

503

465

444

<0.01

0.28

0.35

ADFI, g/d

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

  d 0-11

263

205

216

288

218

204

<0.01

0.36

0.27

  d 11-25

751

645

672

826

692

698

<0.01

<0.01

0.50

  d 25-39

1091

1036

1054

1164

1125

1055

0.10

<0.05

0.36

  d 0-39

735

679

680

799

717

686

<0.01

<0.05

0.28

Gain:feed

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

  d 0-11

0.848

0.773

0.809

0.825

0.837

0.849

0.45

0.22

0.23

  d 11-25

0.679

0.708

0.674

0.655

0.685

0.696

<0.05

0.32

<0.05

  d 25-39

0.607

0.661

0.629

0.576

0.597

0.587

<0.01

<0.01

0.35

  d 0-39

0.654

0.684

0.666

0.630

0.650

0.648

<0.01

<0.01

0.58

 

This report is based on unpublished data by Yanhong Liu and Hans H. Stein.

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