Slide 1 Hi, I'm Kelly Sotak, and I'm a Ph. D. student in Dr. Stein's lab. Today I will be discussing predictions of concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in soybean meal from throughout the United States fed to pigs. Slide 2 I'll begin by introducing the soybean analysis that were performed on the soybean samples. Then I will go into the composition of the soybean meal sources; discuss DE, ME, and NE concentrations; and draw overall conclusions. Slide 3 The objective of this study was to determine the in vivo digestibility of energy and concentrations of DE, ME, and NE in soybean meal fed to growing pigs. Slide 4 We used one single batch of corn and 22 different sources of soybean meal. Slide 5 And these soybean meals were from four different growing zones. Slide 6 Zone 1 was the northern United States, and it included South Dakota, Minnesota, and Michigan. Slide 7 Zone 2 was the eastern Corn Belt, and included Ohio, Indiana, and Georgia. Slide 8 Zone 3 was the western Corn Belt, and included Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa. Slide 9 And Zone 4 was Illinois. Slide 10 To further break down the different soybean meal samples, Zone 1 had one soybean meal sample from Michigan, two from Minnesota, and one from South Dakota, for a total of four soybean meal samples. Slide 11 Zone 2 had one soybean meal sample from Georgia, three from Indiana, and two from Ohio, for a total of six soybean meal samples. Slide 12 Zone 3 had three soybean meal samples from Iowa, two soybean meal samples from Missouri, and two from Nebraska, for a total of seven samples. Slide 13 And Illinois had five soybean meal samples. Slide 14 The corn and soybean meal were analyzed for gross energy; dry matter, crude protein, ash, ADF, NDF, lignin, and acid hydrolyzed ether extract; amino acids; calcium and phosphorus; and starch. The soybean meal samples were analyzed for trypsin inhibitors. Slide 15 The feces and urine were analyzed for gross energy, and the diets were analyzed for gross energy, dry matter, crude protein, ash, ADF, NDF, and lignin. Slide 16 We used 23 growing barrows that were approximately 26.4 kg and were allotted to a 23 x 8 Youden square, with the two blocking criteria of pig and period. We used the marker to marker approach for the feces, and each period was 14 days with the first seven days as an adaptation period, and the last seven days as a collection period. Slide 17 Urine was collected in buckets over 50 ml of 3N hydrochloric acid that was used as a preservative. And we collected 20% of the samples daily. Feces were mixed with water and subsampled. And the urine and feces subsamples were lyophilized and finely ground prior to analysis. Slide 18 DE was calculated by subtracting the energy found in feces from the gross energy. Metabolizable energy was calculated by subtracting the energy found in urine from the DE. And NE was calculated using and equation from the 2012 NRC that used the components of metabolizable energy, ether extract, starch, crude protein, and ADF. Slide 19 This shows the ingredient composition on an as fed basis. At the top, we have corn, and soybean meals from Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and the average of all four soybean meals. The GE of corn was 3,965 kcal/kg, and the average soybean meal gross energy was 4,184 kcal/kg. There were no differences among the four zones in terms of gross energy. Slide 20 The crude protein of corn was 9.52%, and the average soybean meal crude protein was 47.41%. There was an increase in crude protein for the soybean meals in Zone 2 and Zone 4 compared with the soybean meal in Zone 3. However, it was not different from the soybean meals in Zone 1. Slide 21 The average ash concentration of corn was 1.36%, and the average soybean meal ash concentration was 6.91%. There was an increase in ash concentration for soybean meals in Zones 1, 3, and 4 compared with Zone 2. Slide 22 The average trypsin inhibitor units am for soybean meal was 3.29 mg/kg, and there were no differences in trypsin inhibitor units among the four zones. Slide 23 The calcium concentration of corn was 0.01%, and the average calcium percentage for soybean meal was 0.38%. There was a tendency for an increase in calcium for the soybean meals in Zone 3 compared with the soybean meals in Zone 1 or Zone 2. Slide 24 The phosphorus concentration of corn was 0.23%, and the average soybean meal phosphorus concentration was 0.65%. There were no differences among the soybean meals in all four zones. Slide 25 This shows the composition of the diets on an as fed basis. The corn diet contained 96.78% ground corn and 3.22% vitamins and minerals. The corn-soybean meal diets contained 71.25% ground corn, 26% soybean meal, and 2.75% vitamins and minerals. Slide 26 Moving into the results… Slide 27 I'd like to take a moment to set up my slides. The red bar indicates the corn, the yellow bar indicates the Zone 1 soybean meals, the blue bar indicates the Zone 2 soybean meals, the green bar indicates the Zone 3 soybean meals, the purple bar indicates the Zone 4 soybean meals, and the orange bar indicates the average of all four zones. The ATTD of gross energy for corn was 86.1% on a dry matter basis, and the average ATTD of gross energy for the soybean meals was 90.89%. There were no differences in ATTD of gross energy among the four zones. Slide 28 The DE of corn was 3,834 kcal/kg of dry matter. And the average DE of soybean meal was 4,261 kcal/kg of dry matter. There was a decrease in DE for the soybean meals in Zone 3 compared with the soybean meals in Zone 1 or Zone 2; however, it was not different than the DE of the soybean meals in Zone 4. Slide 29 The ME of corn was 3,699 kcal/kg of dry matter. And the average ME of soybean meal was 4,044 kcal/kg of dry matter. There was a decrease in ME for the soybean meals in Zone 3 compared with the soybean meals in Zone 1 or Zone 2; however, it was not different than the ME of soybean meals in Zone 4. Slide 30 The net energy of corn was 2,699 kcal/kg of dry matter. And the average NE of soybean meal was 2,900 kcal/kg of dry matter. There was a decrease in the calculated net energy of the soybean meals in Zone 3 compared with the soybean meals in Zones 1 or 2; however, there was no differences from the soybean meals in Zone 4. Slide 31 We did show a decrease in energy values for the corn used in this experiment. However, there was a decrease in fat concentration of about 1.6% compared with NRC values. We also saw almost a 3.5% increase in NDF compared with the 2012 NRC values, which would have resulted in a decrease in the energy concentrations. Therefore, we do not believe that the energy concentrations of the corn used in this experiment were underestimated. Slide 32 This shows the DE and the ME of soybean meal. First, we have the 1998 NRC, which had DE as 4,140 kcal/kg of dry matter, metabolizable energy 3,797 kcal/kg of dry matter, net energy at 2,694 kcal/kg of dry matter, and an ME:DE ratio of 92%. Slide 33 The 2012 NRC had DE at 4,022 kcal/kg of dry matter, metabolizable energy at 3,661 kcal/kg of dry matter, net energy at 2,623 kcal/kg of dry matter, and the ME:DE ratio of 91%. Slide 34 Six experiments conducted at the University of Illinois between 2010 and 2012 showed DE to be 4,347 kcal/kg of dry matter, metabolizable energy to be 3,980 kcal/kg of dry matter, net energy to be 2,968 kcal/kg of dry matter, and an ME:DE ratio of 92%. Slide 35 This experiment, again, found the DE to be 4,261 kcal/kg of dry matter, metabolizable energy to be 4,044 kcal/kg of dry matter, net energy to be 2,900 kcal/kg of dry matter, with an ME:DE ratio of 95%. This shows that the results in this experiment are in line with results from previous experiments conducted at the University of Illinois, and therefore the NRC may underestimate the energy value of soybean meal. Slide 36 In conclusion, soybean meal from throughout the United States contains similar concentrations of most nutrients and antinutritional factors. However, crude protein was decreased for soybean meals from Zone 3. Regardless of growing region, GE, DE, ME, and NE were similar for soybean meal from the northern, eastern, and southern United States, but were decreased for soybean meal from the western United States. Slide 37 And again, DE, ME, and NE may be greater in soybean meal than reported by the 2012 NRC. Slide 38 And with that, I thank you for your attention. F or further information, please visit our monogastric nutrition group's website.