Slide 1 Hello. This is Tanawong Maison, Ph. D. student in Dr. Hans Stein's lab. My research presentation today is, "Amino acid digestibility in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers fed to growing pigs." Slide 2 Here's the outline. Today we have a brief introduction talking about background of canola and rapeseed, and I will also talk about factors that could affect the quality and nutritional values of canola and rapeseed meal. Then I will have materials and methods, results, and conclusions for this experiment. Slide 3 Canola and rapeseed are an oilseed in genus Brassica. Actually, rapeseed has been developed by plant breeders to obtain low erucic acid in oil and low glucosinolates in meal. Then they changed the name from rapeseed to canola – especially in North America – and they may call it double-low or double-zero rapeseed in Europe. Slide 4 As you can see here in this picture, on top left, these pictures show how canola and rapeseed growing fields look like. And the top right, you can see canola and rapeseed are in round shape with a different color of seed coat. It could be black, brown, red, or yellow. After oil extraction, then we have canola and rapeseed meal that we can use in animal diets because they contain high concentration of crude protein and amino acids, and low level of glucosinolates. Slide 5 For variety and location of canola and rapeseed: there are two different varieties of canola and rapeseed that they grow in different regions around the world. Brassica napus, that they can grow in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, and U.S.; Brassica campestris or rapa, that they can grow in Northern Europe, Northwestern China, and India. Slide 6 For the composition of canola and rapeseed: canola and rapeseed themselves contain fat ranged from 42-43%, and crude protein ranged from 20-30% depending on varieties of canola and rapeseed and the growing condition that they grown in different regions around the world, as I mentioned before. And these differences could affect nutritional values of seed, and consequently affect the nutritional values in the meals. Slide 7 For oil extraction procedures: there are two different types of oil extraction procedure that they use to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. They have expeller extraction and solvent extractions. Slide 8 For expeller extraction, they will use a mechanical press to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. The temperature for conventional expeller extraction could range from 95-130 C depending on speed of the screw that they use in the process. They also have another type of expeller extraction that they call cold press. They control the temperature in this type of process, not greater than 60 C because the virgin oil from this process is in demand of customers who prefer vegetable oil from the process without high temperature and chemical reagent. Slide 9 For solvent extraction, they will use both mechanical press and solvent to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. They will cook canola and rapeseed in cooking step before moving them to mechanical press to remove 60 to 70% of oil. Then, the rest of the oil will be removed, again in solvent extraction step, that normally they use hexane. After that, the meal will be removed to the desolventizer and toaster to recycle hexane back to use in solvent extraction step again. Slide 10 For chemical composition of canola and rapeseed: the meal from expeller procedure contains crude protein ranged from 33-35%, and contains fat ranged from 9-13%. And, the meal from solvent extractions contains crude protein ranged from 35-38%, and contains fat ranged from 2-5%. Slide 11 By different oil extraction procedures: the chemical composition in canola and rapeseed could be different because the differences in oil extraction efficiency and heat exposures between expeller procedure and solvent extraction procedure could affect energy and amino acid concentration in the meal, and consequently affect the nutritional values of the meal. Slide 12 So now, we know the two factors that could affect nutritional values of canola and rapeseed meal are: locations that they grow canola and rapeseed, and processing procedures that they use to remove oil from canola and rapeseed. Slide 13 Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were determining and comparing the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers from different locations and from different processing procedures. Slide 14 For materials and methods: Slide 15 We had 22 samples of canola and rapeseed meal. Seven samples were canola meal, ten samples were 00-rapeseed meal, and five samples were 00-rapeseed expellers. Slide 16 We wanted to compare crude protein and amino acid digestibility in canola and rapeseed meal from different locations. So we compared canola meal from North America and 00-rapeseed meal from Europe. Slide 17 And, we wanted to compare crude protein and amino acid digestibility in rapeseed products from different processing procedures. So, we compared 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction with 00-rapeseed expellers from expellers procedures. Slide 18 We used 23 pigs at initial body weight of 28.8 kg. Pigs were fitted with T-cannula that allowed us to collect ileal digesta to analyze, and calculate the digestibility of crude protein and amino acids. Slide 19 We formulated 23 diets. Seven diets were formulated from each of seven sources of canola meal. Ten diets were formulated from each of ten sources of 00-rapeseed meal. Five diets were formulated from each of five sources of 00-rapeseed expellers. And one diet was a nitrogen-free diet to determine the basal endogenous loss of crude protein and amino acids. All 23 diets were formulated to contain the same concentration of crude protein and fat. Slide 20 Pigs were fed at three times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance. They were allotted in 23x9 Youden square design with 23 diets and 9 periods. Five days for adaptation to the diet, followed by two days for ileal digesta collection. Slide 21 Data was analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Diet was included in the model as fixed effect. Pig and period were included in the model as random effects. And we used contrast option to determine the difference of means at the α level of 0.05. Slide 22 Now, let's move into the results. Slide 23 We'll talk about the concentration of crude protein and amino acid in canola and rapeseed meal from different locations first. As you can see here in this bar graph, orange bar represents canola meal from North America, and blue bar represents 00-rapeseed meal from Europe. The concentration of crude protein in canola meal was 37.5%. The concentration of crude protein in 00-rapeseed meal was 36.4%. And the concentration of crude protein in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations were not different. Slide 24 Same thing for the concentration of amino acids. The concentration of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were not different between canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations. Slide 25 For the concentration of crude protein in rapeseed products from different oil extraction procedures: Here we have orange bar represents 00-rapeseed meal from solvent extraction and blue bar represent 00-rapeseed expeller from expeller procedures. The concentration of crude protein in 00-rapeseed meal was 36.4%. The concentration of crude protein in 00-rapeseed expellers was 35.6%. And again, the concentration of crude protein in 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed expeller from different oil extraction procedures were not different. Slide 26 Same thing for the concentration of amino acid. The concentration of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were not different between 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed expeller from different oil extraction procedures. Slide 27 Now, let's talk about standardized ileal digestibility, or SID. Slide 28 This bar graph represents SID of crude protein and amino acid in canola and rapeseed meal from different locations. Here we have orange bar represent canola meal, and blue bar represent 00-rapeseed meal. You can see here that SID of crude protein, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were not different between canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations. Slide 29 Same thing for other amino acids. SID of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine were not different between canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations. Slide 30 Now, let's talk about SID of rapeseed products from different oil extraction procedures. Here we have orange bar represent 00-rapeseed meal, and blue bar represent 00-rapeseed expellers. You can see here that SID of crude protein, lysine, and methionine in 00-rapeseed expeller were greater than that in 00-rapeseed meal. But, SID of threonine and tryptophan did not differ. Slide 31 For other amino acids, SID of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine in 00-rapeseed expeller were greater than that in 00-rapeseed meal. Slide 32 With that result, we observed that nutrient composition and SID of crude protein and amino acids are in agreement with the values of canola meal and canola expellers in NRC 2012. And, we observed that nutrient composition and SID of crude protein and amino acids are not different between canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations. This may be because both canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal came from same variety, which is Brassica napus, and they used the same oil extraction procedure, which is solvent extraction, to remove the oil from canola and rapeseed. Slide 33 We also observed that SID of crude protein and most indispensable amino acids are different between 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed expeller from different oil extraction procedures. This may be the result of the differences in efficiency of oil removal from seed, which may affect the concentration of gross energy, fat, crude protein, and amino acid, and consequently affect nutritional values in meals. And heat damage during desolventization and toasting steps of solvent extraction may also affect the digestibility of amino acids in 00-rapeseed meal when compared to 00-rapeseed expellers. Slide 34 In conclusion, for standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal from different locations, we conclude that canola meal and 00-rapeseed meal are not different. Slide 35 For standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in 00-rapeseed meal and 00-rapeseed expeller from different oil extraction procedures, we conclude that 00-rapeseed expeller is greater than that in 00-rapeseed meal except for threonine and tryptophan. Slide 36 With that, we would like to acknowledge ADM, AgriFirm, Bunge, Cargill, and CP Group for funding this research. Slide 37 Thank you.