Slide 1 Hello. I am Dr. Sarah Cervantes-Pahm, and I am here to share with you my research on caloric value of novel carbohydrates fed to pigs. Slide 2 Increased intake of dietary fiber is associated with several health benefits. These health benefits include blood sugar and cholesterol control, colon disease prevention, and the management of body weight. Slide 3 The recommended dietary fiber intake is between 25 to 38 grams per day, depending on if you are a man or a woman. But the average dietary fiber intake is only half of that recommendation. Therefore, there is a need to increase the intake of dietary fiber. Slide 4 Novel carbohydrates are carbohydrates that are not digestible in the small intestines. Therefore, by definition, they are dietary fibers. They are commercially available, and they are intended to be incorporated in beverages, pastry, and other food preparations to increase dietary fiber intake in humans. Slide 5 The four novel carbohydrates used in this experiment were: two types of insoluble fibers -- and those were resistant starch 60, abbreviated as RS 60, and resistant starch 75, abbreviated as RS 75. And there were also two types of soluble fiber: soluble corn fiber, abbreviated as SCF 70, and pullulan. Slide 6 The U.S. food labeling regulations assign caloric values for dietary fibers. For insoluble dietary fiber, they assigned a caloric value of 0 kcal/kg. And for soluble dietary fibers, they assigned a caloric value of 4000 kcal/kg, a caloric value that is similar to that of a very digestible form of carbohydrate. And to calculate for the caloric value or the metabolizable energy of the carbohydrate, the concentration of insoluble fiber is subtracted from the concentration of total carbohydrates and the difference is multiplied by 4 kcal/g. And that is how we obtained the caloric value or the metabolizable energy of the carbohydrate. Slide 7 However, the use of these energy conversion factors, such as the 0 for insoluble dietary fiber or 4 kcal for soluble dietary fiber, may be misleading. And this is according to Livesey and others in 2000. Therefore, there is a need to measure the metabolizable energy of these novel carbohydrates. Slide 8 Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to measure the ME of the novel carbohydrates and compare it to the ME in maltodextrin, which in our case is our control. And second is to compare the in vivo values with the ME obtained from the FDA food labeling equation. Slide 9 Our hypothesis for this experiment is that the ME of the novel carbohydrates is less than that of maltodextrin, and that the FDA calculated metabolizable energy of the novel carbohydrates are different from the in vivo ME obtained in pigs. Slide 10 So for this purpose, we used a total of 72 growing barrows with an average body weight of 22 kilograms. And we housed them in metabolism cages, and the pigs were arranged in a completely randomized design. Slide 11 Six diets were prepared. Diet 1 was the basal diet, and it is just basically a corn-soybean meal diet. And for Diet 2, we got 90% of the basal diet and added 10% of the maltodextrin. For Diet 3, we took 90% of the basal diet and added 10% resistant starch 60. For Diet 4, we took 90% of the basal diet and added 10% RS 75. For Diet 5, we had 90% basal diet with 10% soluble corn fiber, and for Diet 6, we had 90% basal diet with 10% pullulan. Slide 12 The pigs were fed 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance. And the pigs were adapted to the diet for seven days, and then we had five days of collection period. We did the balance study using the marker to marker procedure as outlined by Adeola in 2001. Slide 13 The data were analyzed using PROC mixed of SAS, with the diet as the fixed effect and pig and period as the random effect. Slide 14 For the results... Slide 15 This table presents the nutrient composition of maltodextrin and the novel carbohydrates. The concentration of dry matter at maltodextrin is at 97.41%, and the concentration of dry matter in the novel carbohydrates ranged between 90.07 to 94.80%. Crude protein and ash were less than one percent in maltodextrin and the novel carbohydrates. And the concentration of total carbohydrates were a little bit greater in maltodextrin, at 96.48%, and the concentration of total carbohydrates were between 89.35% to 94.32% in the novel carbohydrates. The total carbohydrates were calculated as dry matter minus the sum of crude protein and ash. Acid hydrolyzed ether extract was analyzed in these samples but none was detected. Gross energy in maltodextrin and the novel carbohydrates were between 3738 to 3914 kcal/kg. Slide 16 This graph shows the metabolizable energy of the ingredients obtained from pigs. The graph shows that the ME of maltodextrin, in the red bar, is 3434 kcal, and the ME of all the novel carbohydrates were less than the ME of maltodextrin. Among the novel carbohydrates, pullulan had a greater ME compared with RS 60, RS 75, and soluble corn fiber 70. Slide 17 This graph shows the ME of the novel carbohydrates obtained in pigs presented in the upper graph, and the ME of the carbohydrates calculated using the FDA labeling equation at the lower graph. The ME of maltodextrin, as calculated using the FDA labeling equation, is 3.96 cal/g dry matter. And this value is close to what we expect. But the ME obtained in pigs is a bit lower than 3.96. The ME of RS 60, RS 75, and pullulan, calculated using the FDA labeling equation, were about two to four times less than in vivo values. But the calculated ME of soluble corn fiber 70 were approximately two times greater than in vivo values. Slide 18 So this tells us that the ME values obtained from in vivo procedures are not the same as the ME values that we calculate from the FDA labeling equation. So in conclusion, the ME of RS 60, RS 75, soluble corn fiber 70, and pullulan range from 1804 to 2918 kcal/kg, and these values were less than the ME in maltodextrin, which was at 3434 kcal/kg dry matter. Slide 19 From the results of this experiment, we showed that RS 60 and RS 75 are insoluble fibers, but their caloric value is not 0. Similarly, soluble corn fiber 70 and pullulan are soluble fibers, but their caloric value is not 4000 kcal/kg. Slide 20 We also showed from this experiment that the calculated ME values obtained from the FDA labeling equation over- or under-estimates the in vivo ME of the novel carbohydrates obtained in pigs. Slide 21 This study implies that classifying dietary fibers as soluble and insoluble fibers for caloric value evaluation may be incorrect. And that is because solubility could not predict the ME of an ingredient. Slide 22 So before I end, I would like to thank Tate and Lyle for the financial support of this study. Slide 23 And if you need some more informaiton on feed or feed ingredients, I would like to direct you to our website at http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu. Thank you and have a great day.