Retention

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Synthetic amino acids (AA) are often included in diets fed to pigs at the expense of SBM or other protein sources to provide a portion of the indispensable AA needed by pigs. Substituting SBM for synthetic AA may support pig growth performance, but daily N retention by pigs may be reduced if diets containing synthetic AA instead of some of the SBM are used. This indicates that there may either be an AA deficiency in diets with synthetic AA, or there are factors other than AA in SBM that are needed to maximize protein synthesis in pigs.

It has been speculated that synthetic AA are absorbed more rapidly than AA from intact protein, which may impair protein synthesis. It is, therefore, possible that if protein from SBM is replaced by synthetic AA, some of the synthetic AA will not be used for protein synthesis, which will result in reduced nitrogen retention by the pigs. Results of recent research also indicate that the DE in SBM is greater than in corn, and therefore, dietary DE may be reduced if SBM is reduced in the diet. However, at this time, no research has been conducted to confirm this assumption. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that use of synthetic AA instead of some of the intact protein from SBM reduces N retention and also reduces DE of the diet if fed to growing pigs.

Keywords: 
Low-protein, Soybean meal, Nitrogen, Retention, metabolizable.
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Effect of soy isoflavones and nitrogen-source on nitrogen balance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, less SBM is often used in diets to decrease nitrogen (N) excretion and environmental pollution. Nonetheless, it is demonstrated that lowering dietary protein does not consistently deliver the same performance of pigs as of pigs fed high protein diets, even though all indispensable AA meet the requirements of pigs. It is possible that soybean-derived bioactive compounds (i.e., soy isoflavones and saponins) in SBM act as immunomodulators, which improve the performance of pigs. It is also possible that low-protein diets contain N below the requirements for pigs to maximize growth. However, no data are available to prove this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that N balance of pigs is not affected by reducing dietary protein if soy isoflavones or N source are supplemented in diets.

Keywords: 
nitrogen balance, Retention, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Ibagon, Stein, Lee
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Andrea P. Mallea, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 283 - 284. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.322. Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Nitrogen, Retention, Soybean meal
Authors: 
Cristobal, Lee, Torres-Mendoza, Mallea, Parsons, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Comparative digestibility and retention of calcium and phosphorus in normal- and high-phytate diets fed to gestating sows and growing pigs

Lee, S. A., M. R. Bedford, H. H. Stein. 2021. Comparative digestibility and retention of calcium and phosphorus in normal- and high-phytate diets fed to gestating sows and growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 280 (2021) 115084. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115084. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
Calcium, Digestibility, Endogenous loss, Phosphorus, Retention, Sow
Authors: 
Lee, Bedford, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Formulation of diets for pigs based on a ratio between digestible calcium and digestible phosphorus results in reduced excretion of calcium in urine without affecting retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with formulation based on values for total

Lagos, L. Vanessa, Su A Lee, Mike R. Bedford, and Hans H. Stein. 2021. Formulation of diets for pigs based on a ratio between digestible calcium and digestible phosphorus results in reduced excretion of calcium in urine without affecting retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with formulation based on values for total calcium. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, Vol. 99, No. 5, 1–7. doi:10.1093/jas/skab138.

Keywords: 
Calcium, Digestible calcium, Phosphorus, Phytase, Pigs, Retention
Authors: 
Lagos, Lee, Bedford, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Increasing calcium from deficient to adequate concentration in diets for gestating sows decreases digestibility of phosphorus and reduces serum concentration of a bone resorption biomarker

Lee, Su A.,  L. Vanessa Lagos, Mike R. Bedford, and Hans H. Stein. 2020. Increasing calcium from deficient to adequate concentration in diets for gestating sows decreases digestibility of phosphorus and reduces serum concentration of a bone resorption biomarker. Journal of Animal Science, 2020,  Vol. 98: No. 3:1-8.

Keywords: 
biomarkers, Calcium, Digestibility, Phosphorus, Retention, Sows
Authors: 
Lee, Lagos, Bedford, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Sows in mid-gestation have reduced digestibility and retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with growing pigs

Lee, S., C. Walk, and H. Stein. 2018. Sows in mid-gestation have reduced digestibility and retention of calcium and phosphorus compared with growing pigs. 14th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs. Adv. Anim. Biosci. Volume 9, Issue S2, 9:S193-194. (Abstr.). Link to abstract

Keywords: 
Sows, Gestation, Digestibility, Retention, Calcium, Phosphorus, Growing pigs
Authors: 
Lee, Walk, and Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium carbonate, and retention of calcium in gestating sows change during gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of calcium

Lee, Su A, L. Vanessa Lagos, Carrie L. Walk, and Hans H. Stein. 2019. Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in calcium carbonate, and retention of calcium in gestating sows change during gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of calcium. J. Anim. Sci. 2019.97:1712–1721. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
Calcium, Digestibility, Phosphorus, Phytase, Retention, Sows
Authors: 
Lee, Lagos, Walk, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility, and retention of calcium in gestating sows changes during gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of calcium by gestating sows

Standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca has been determined for most Ca containing ingredients fed to growing pigs, but the basal endogenous loss of Ca is greater and the STTD of Ca in sows in mid-gestation are less than in growing pigs. As a consequence, if diets for gestating sows are formulated using STTD values determined in growing pigs, the provisions of digestible Ca may be less than anticipated.

The efficacy of phytase to release Ca and P is believed to be influenced by the physiological state of pigs with phytase fed to sows in mid-gestation releasing less Ca and P compared with growing pigs or sows in late-gestation. However, it is not known if values for STTD of Ca or retention of Ca and P that are measured in one period of gestation are representative of the entire gestation period.

Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the STTD of Ca from calcium carbonate and the response to microbial phytase on STTD of Ca and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in corn-based diets fed to gestating sows are constant throughout the gestating period for sows. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that retention of Ca and P does not change during gestation.

 

Keywords: 
Calcium, Digestibility, Basal endogenous loss, Phosphorus, Trimester, Retention
Authors: 
LeeSA, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

Comparative digestibility and retention rate of calcium and phosphorus in low- and high-phytate diets fed to gestating sows and growing pigs

Digestibility of Ca and P is most correctly determined as standardized total tract digestibility (STTD). Data for the STTD of P in most feed ingredients have been published, and the STTD of Ca has also been determined in many feed ingredients. However, in practical diet formulation, values for STTD of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows although there is a lack of comparative data between growing pigs and sows.

Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that no differences exist between gestating sows and growing pigs for basal endogenous losses, STTD, and retention of Ca and P.

 

Keywords: 
Calcium, Digestibility, Basal endogenous loss, Gestating sow, Phosphorus, Retention
Authors: 
LeeSA, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports