Hans H. Stein

Publication Type:

Amino acids, Digestibility, enzyme treated soybean meal

Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Torres-Mendoza, Leidy J., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 168–169, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.180 Link to abstract.

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Authors:

Torres-Mendoza, Lee, Stein

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Additive effects of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, blood vitamin D>3 metabolites, and bone biomarkers in growing pigs

Jaramillo, Bibiana M., Su A Lee, Jessica P. Acosta, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Additive effects of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D₃ and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, blood vitamin D_>3 metabolites, and bone biomarkers in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 151–152, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.162 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Calcifediol, Phytase, swine

Authors:

Jaramillo, Lee, Acosta, Stein

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Energy, pistachio blanks, wheat middlings

Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs

Kim, Yeonwoo , Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 93–94, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.100 Link to abstract.

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Effects of using soybean meal, canola meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles on net energy, greenhouse gas emission, and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs

Ibagon, Jimena A., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of using soybean meal, canola meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles on net energy, greenhouse gas emission, and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 49–50, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.054 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Net energy, sustainability, swine

Authors:

Ibagon, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Could soybean meal and high levels of phytase aid pigs in the post-weaning period?

Mallea, A. P., S. A Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2025. Could soybean meal and high levels of phytase aid pigs in the post-weaning period?. National Hog Farmer. On-line edition. May 29, 2025. Link to full text.

Keywords:

Soybean meal, Phytase, Pigs, post-weaning

Authors:

Mallea, Lee, Stein

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Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pistachio blanks and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Pistachio blanks are coproducts of pistachio processing and are discarded due to their hollow shells or immature nuts, which make them unusable as human food. Pistachio blanks float in water and the annual production is estimated to be between 50,000 and 70,000 metric tons. A similar coproduct, pistachio shell powder, was recently demonstrated to provide significant amounts of energy in diets for sows. However, there is no information about the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in pistachio blanks when fed to pigs. Although AA concentration in pistachio blanks is low, there is a need for determining standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in pistachio blanks. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the SID of AA in pistachio blanks are comparable to those in soybean meal (SBM) when fed to growing pigs.

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Standardized ileal digestibility, Amino acids, pistachio blanks, Soybean meal, Pigs

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Impact of soybean oil on net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs allowed ad libitum access to feed

Diets for pigs may vary in composition and in their concentration of the energy containing nutrients (i.e., protein, fat, starch and sugars, and dietary fiber). To our knowledge, however, there is no information on how concentration of net energy (NE) is affected by dietary fat concentrations in diets fed to group-housed pigs. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that increased soybean oil in diets for group-housed growing pigs will increase NE and nitrogen balance.

Keywords:

Fat, Net energy, nitrogen balance, nitrogen retention, Pigs, Soybean oil

Authors:

Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Read more about Impact of soybean oil on net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs allowed ad libitum access to feed

The soybean oil equivalency of soybean meal indicates a high energy value of soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

Ibagon, Jimena A., Hans H. Stein, and Su A. Lee. 2025. The soybean oil equivalency of soybean meal indicates a high energy value of soybean meal when fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 105: 1–7 (2025) | dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2025-0002 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Net energy, Pigs, Soybean meal, Soybean oil

Authors:

Ibagon, Stein, Lee

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Digestibility of energy and nutrients in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans and fed to growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy A. Su A Lee , Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy Torres-Mendoza, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, Metabolizable energy, Phosphorus, pig, Soybean expellers

Authors:

Cristobal, Lee, Mallea, Torres-Mendoza, Parsons, Stein

Publication Type:

Read more about Digestibility of energy and nutrients in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans and fed to growing pigs

Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows. Translational Animal Science, 2025, 9, txaf041 doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf041 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Sows, Soybean hulls, Soybean meal

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The growing area within the United States has only minor impact on digestible and metabolizable energy, and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in full-fat soybeans fed to growing pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2025.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Full-fat soybean, Phosphorus, pig

Authors:

Ruiz-Arias, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Distillers dried grains with solubles, Net energy, nitrogen retention, Pigs, Starch

Read more about The growing area within the United States has only minor impact on digestible and metabolizable energy, and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in full-fat soybeans fed to growing pigs

Determination of net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs fed diets containing varying levels of starch and fiber

Diets for pigs may vary in composition and in their concentration of the energy containing nutrients (i.e., protein, fat, starch and sugars, and dietary fiber). To our knowledge, however, there is no information on how concentration of net energy (NE) is affected by dietary starch and fiber concentrations in diets fed to group-housed pigs. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to determine NE and nitrogen balance in diets containing various levels of starch and fiber fed to group-housed pigs.

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Authors:

Lee, Stein

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Read more about Determination of net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs fed diets containing varying levels of starch and fiber

There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2025. There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 323 (2025) 116297. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116297. Link to full text.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Chemical composition, Digestibility, Full-fat soybean, pig

Authors:

Ruiz-Arias, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Energy, pistachio blanks, Wheat middlings

Digestibility of energy by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks

As the production of pistachios grows globally, more co-products are produced every year. Pistachio blanks are pistachio fruits that float in water because the shells are hollow and therefore cannot be used for human food. Pistachio blanks is a high fiber ingredient, which is comparable to wheat middlings. The annual production is 50,000 to 70,000 tons, but is growing. Pistachio blanks have been viewed as a waste product from the pistachio processing sector, but it is possible this feed ingredient can provide nutrients for animals and be used in animal diets. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter, ash, and total dietary fiber in pistachio blank powder is not different from that of wheat middlings if included in diets for growing pigs.

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Read more about Digestibility of energy by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks

Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Values for digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in feed ingredients are usually determined in growing pigs and subsequently applied to all groups of pigs. Results of recent research, however, indicate that the energy content of soybean meal (SBM) is greater than previously thought when fed to growing pigs. This increase in energy may be due to changes in the pigs themselves or differences in methodology, but there are no recent experiments assessing DE and ME in SBM when fed to sows. Therefore, it remains unclear if sows also have greater DE and ME in SBM compared with current book values. Likewise, there are no recent data for the DE and ME in soybean hulls although soybean hulls are often added to diets for gestating sows. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that gestating and lactating sows have greater DE and ME in SBM and soybean hulls than growing pigs and that DE and ME in SBM fed to both growing pigs and sows are greater than current book values. The second hypothesis was that there is no difference in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and DE between gestating and lactating sows.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Sows, Soybean hulls, Soybean meal

Authors:

Yeonwoo, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Read more about Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Effect of soy isoflavones and extra nitrogen on growth performance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, less SBM is often used in diets to decrease nitrogen excretion and environmental pollution. Nonetheless, it is demonstrated that lowering dietary protein does not consistently deliver the same performance of pigs as of pigs fed high protein diets, even though all indispensable AA meet the requirements of pigs. It is possible that soybean-derived bioactive compounds (i.e., soy isoflavones and saponins) in SBM act as immunomodulators, which improve the performance of pigs. It is also possible that low-protein diets contain nitrogen below the requirements for pigs to maximize growth. However, no data are available to prove this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that reducing the dietary protein by decreasing the SBM and increasing crystalline AA in diets may have influence growth performance, carcass composition, and meat quality and that soy isoflavones act as immunomodulators, which may improve the immune system and thus results in better performance of pigs fed low-protein diets.

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Growth performance, Isoflavones, Nitrogen, Soybean meal

Authors:

Ibagon, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Read more about Effect of soy isoflavones and extra nitrogen on growth performance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Digestibility of calcium in calcium carbonate varies among origins, but is increased by microbial phytase regardless of origin

Nelson, Megan E., Su A Lee, Carrie L. Walk, April Zhang, Heng-Xiao Zhai, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestibility of calcium in calcium carbonate varies among origins, but is increased by microbial phytase regardless of origin. Animal Feed Science and Technology 320 (2025) 116230. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116230 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Calcium, Calcium carbonate, Digestibility, Limestone, Phytase, pig

Authors:

Nelson, Lee, Walk, Zhang, Zhai, Stein

Publication Type:

Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Can soy isoflavones, extra nitrogen improve the immune system in growing pigs?

Ibagon, J. A., S. A Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2025. Can soy isoflavones, extra nitrogen improve the immune system in growing pigs? National Hog Farmer. On-line edition. Jan. 30, 2025. Link to full text.

Keywords:

Isoflavones, Nitrogen, Growing pigs

Authors:

Ibagon, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on growth performance, carcass composition, energy deposition, blood cytokines, or abundance of intestinal amino acid transporters by growing pigs

The use of synthetic amino acids (AA) in diets for pigs has increased in the past few decades due to increased availability and reduced prices of these AA. The increased use of synthetic AA has caused a reduced need for inclusion of soybean meal (SBM) in diets. For instance, a common grower pig diet without synthetic AA needs around 35% SBM to full fill the requirements for all indispensable AA, but a diet with 5 synthetic AA only requires 17% SBM. It has generally been assumed that pigs fed diets containing synthetic AA will have growth performance, protein deposition, and carcass quality that is no different from that of pigs fed diets based in which the majority of the AA are furnished by SBM as long as the requirements for all digestible AA are met. It has also been assumed that diets formulated with large amounts of synthetic AA, compared with diets based on SBM provide more net energy to pigs because these diets contain more corn and less SBM. However, some of these assumptions are not based on strong scientific evidence, and results of recent research has raised doubts about previously assumed effects of using synthetic AA. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the use of synthetic AA instead of some of the intact protein from SBM does not impact growth performance, carcass composition, energy deposition, blood cytokines or abundance of intestinal amino acid transporters when fed to growing pigs.

Keywords:

Low-protein, Soybean meal, Growth, Retention, carcass

Authors:

Cristobal, Lee, Stein

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