Digestibility

Standardized total tract digestibility of calcium in 14 sources of calcium carbonate produced in Latin America fed to growing pigs

Most cereal grains and grain co-products contain very low concentrations of Ca, and the majority of Ca in commercial diets for pigs is, therefore, provided by Ca carbonate. Excess dietary Ca can reduce digestibility of P, and it is, therefore, important that digestibility of Ca in Ca carbonate is determined to allow formulation of diets based on digestible Ca.

Concentration of Ca in Ca carbonate may vary among sources depending on raw materials, geological origin, and processing methods. Differences in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca among sources produced in the USA have been observed, and Ca carbonate produced in Europe, Asia, and South Africa may have different STTD of Ca than Ca carbonate produced in the USA. However, no values for STTD of Ca in Ca carbonate produced in Latin America have been reported, and it is unknown if STTD of Ca differs among sources produced in different countries within this region. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that there are differences in the STTD of Ca among sources of Ca carbonate obtained from different countries in Latin America.

Keywords:

Calcium, Digestibility, Limestone, Phytase, Standardized total tract digestibility

Authors:

Guerrero, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Research Reports

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Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Four Egg Products Fed to Weanling Pigs

Fanelli, Natalia dos Santos, Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, Yi-Chi Cheng, Ingmar Middelbos , Hans H. Stein. 2026. Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Four Egg Products Fed to Weanling Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 104, Issue Supplement_3, skag107.143, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skag107.143 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, egg protein, Heat treatment, trypsin inhibitor activity

Authors:

Natalia Dos Santos Fanelli, Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, Yi-Chi Cheng, Ingmar Middelbos, Hans H Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

There Are Differences in Digestible Calcium Among 14 Sources of Calcium Carbonate Sourced from Latin America when Fed to Growing Pigs

Guerrero Huerta, Diego, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2026. There Are Differences in Digestible Calcium Among 14 Sources of Calcium Carbonate Sourced from Latin America when Fed to Growing Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 104, Issue Supplement_3, skag107.173, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skag107.173 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Calcium carbonate, Digestibility, Growing pigs

Authors:

Diego Guerrero Huerta, Su A Lee, Hans H Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Effects of Xylanase or Stimbiotic on Apparent Ileal, Cecal, and Total Tract Digestibility of Energy and Dietary Fiber in Diets fed to Growing Pigs

Acosta, Jessica P., Gemma González-Ortiz, Hans H. Stein. 2026. Effects of Xylanase or Stimbiotic on Apparent Ileal, Cecal, and Total Tract Digestibility of Energy and Dietary Fiber in Diets fed to Growing Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 104, Issue Supplement_3, skag107.186 doi.org/10.1093/jas/skag107.186 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Fiber, Pigs, stimbiotic, Xylanase

Authors:

Acosta, Gonzalez-Ortiz, Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in four egg products and casein fed to weanling pigs

Fanelli, Natalia S., Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, Yi-Chi Cheng, Ingmar Middelbos, and Hans H. Stein. 2026. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in four egg products and casein fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2026, 104, skag143. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skag143 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, egg protein, Heat treatment, trypsin inhibitor activity

Authors:

Natalia S. Fanelli1, Minoy Cristobal1, Su A Lee1, Yi-Chi Cheng2, Ingmar Middelbos2, and Hans H. Stein1

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Greenhouse gas emissions, net energy, and nitrogen balance are not impacted by inclusion of hybrid rye in diets for growing pigs, but ileal digestibility of amino acids and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract is reduced if hybrid rye replaces corn

Acosta, Jessica P., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2026.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen balance, Hybrid rye, Pigs

Authors:

Acosta, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about Greenhouse gas emissions, net energy, and nitrogen balance are not impacted by inclusion of hybrid rye in diets for growing pigs, but ileal digestibility of amino acids and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract is reduced if hybrid rye replaces corn

Effect of pellet die thickness on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids when pelleting diets fed to growing pigs

Lopez, Diego A., Matt D. Miesner, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Charles R. Stark, Hans H. Stein, and Chad B. Paulk. 2026. Effect of pellet die thickness on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids when pelleting diets fed to growing pigs. Translational Animal Science, 2026, 10, txaf163. doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf163 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, Growing pigs, pellet die thickness, Pelleting

Authors:

Lopez, Miesner, Gebhardt, Stark, Stein, Paulk

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Effect of feed conditioning time prior to pelleting on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and total tract digestibility of energy in diets fed to growing pigs

Lopez, Diego A., Hans H. Stein, Matt D. Miesner, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Charles R. Stark, and Chad B. Paulk. 2025. Effect of feed conditioning time prior to pelleting on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and total tract digestibility of energy in diets fed to growing pigs. Translational Animal Science, 2025, 9, txaf153

Keywords:

Amino acids, conditioning, Digestibility, Energy, Pelleting, Pigs

Authors:

Lopez, Stein, Miesner, Gebhardt, Stark, Paulk

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about Effect of feed conditioning time prior to pelleting on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and total tract digestibility of energy in diets fed to growing pigs

An expert consensus framework for a database on ileal amino acid digestibility and protein quality scoring from foods consumed by humans.

Tome, D., J. Calvez, R. Elango,.E. Ferriolli, C. Gaudichon, G. Courtney-Martin, F. Han, M. Hayes, S. Hodgkinson, A. Kurpad, J. J. Mes, V. Owino, I. Recio, S. P. Shertukdef, H.H. Stein, A. Vlassopoulos, M. Xipsiti. 2025. An expert consensus framework for a database on ileal amino acid digestibility and protein quality scoring from foods consumed by humans. Current Dev. Nutr. 9:107291. doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107291 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

ileal, Amino Acid, Digestibility

Authors:

Tome, Calvez, Elango, Ferriolli, Gaudichon, Courtney-Martin, Han, Hayes, Hodgkinson, Kurpad, Mes, Owino, Recio, Shertukdef, Stein, Vlassopoulos, Xipsiti.

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen balance, and ileal digestibility of amino acids and acid hydrolyzed ether extract in diets containing different inclusion rates of hybrid rye fed to growing pigs

Acosta, J. P., S. A Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2025. Greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen balance, and ileal digestibility of amino acids and acid hydrolyzed ether extract in diets containing different inclusion rates of hybrid rye fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 103(Suppl3), 186-187. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf300.224 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Digestibility, greenhouse gas emission, Hybrid rye, Pigs

Authors:

Acosta, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Modeling improvements in digestible amino acids by a consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant in grower pigs

Velayudhan, Deepak, Yueming Dersjant-Li, Rosil Lizardo, Arun Kumar, Hans H. Stein, Charmaine D. Espinosa, Vinicius Cantarelli, Rachael Hardy, Ester Vinyeta, and Leon Marchal.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant, nutrient matrix, phytate, Pigs

Authors:

Velayudhan, Dersjant-Li, Lizardo, Kumar, Stein, Espinosa, Cantarelli, Hardy, Vinyeta, Marchal

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about Modeling improvements in digestible amino acids by a consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant in grower pigs

The use and application of hybrid rye in diets for weanling, growing, and reproducing swine: A review

Acosta, Jessica P., Hans H. Stein. 2025. The use and application of hybrid rye in diets for weanling, growing, and reproducing swine: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 328 (2025) 116442. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116442 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Growth performance, Hybrid rye, Nutrient composition, Pigs, Sows

Authors:

Acosta, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Effects of installing a T-cannula into the distal ileum of growing pigs on growth performance, digestibility of dry matter and energy, and metabolizable energy in a corn-soybean meal diet

Lee, Su A, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of installing a T-cannula into the distal ileum of growing pigs on growth performance, digestibility of dry matter and energy, and metabolizable energy in a corn-soybean meal diet. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 172–173, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.184 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Cannulation, Collection, Digestibility

Authors:

Su A Lee, Hans H Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Torres-Mendoza, Leidy J., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 168–169, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.180 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, enzyme treated soybean meal

Authors:

Torres-Mendoza, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Effect of conditioning time on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and total tract digestibility of energy in diets fed to growing pigs

Lopez Diaz, Diego A., Matt D. Miesner, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Hans H. Stein, Charles R. Stark, Chad B. Paulk. 2025. Effect of conditioning time on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and total tract digestibility of energy in diets fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 54–55, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.058 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Pelleting, swine

Authors:

Lopez Diaz, Miesner, Gebhardt, Stein, Stark, Paulk

Publication Type:

Abstracts

Growth performance and total tract digestibility of nutrients for weanling pigs are improved by an exogenous xylanase and a stimbiotic regardless of maternal xylanase consumption

Acosta, Jessica P., Charmaine D. Espinosa, Gemma González‑Ortiz and Hans H. Stein. 2025.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Growth performance, Sows, stimbiotic, Weanling pigs, Xylanase

Authors:

Acosta, Espinosa, González‑Ortiz, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about Growth performance and total tract digestibility of nutrients for weanling pigs are improved by an exogenous xylanase and a stimbiotic regardless of maternal xylanase consumption

Digestibility of energy and nutrients in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans and fed to growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy A. Su A Lee , Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy Torres-Mendoza, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, Metabolizable energy, Phosphorus, pig, Soybean expellers

Authors:

Cristobal, Lee, Mallea, Torres-Mendoza, Parsons, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about Digestibility of energy and nutrients in soybean expellers produced from conventional or high-oil varieties of soybeans and fed to growing pigs

Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows. Translational Animal Science, 2025, 9, txaf041 doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf041 Link to full text.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Sows, Soybean hulls, Soybean meal

Authors:

Kim, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

The growing area within the United States has only minor impact on digestible and metabolizable energy, and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in full-fat soybeans fed to growing pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2025.

Keywords:

Digestibility, Energy, Full-fat soybean, Phosphorus, pig

Authors:

Ruiz-Arias, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

Read more about The growing area within the United States has only minor impact on digestible and metabolizable energy, and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in full-fat soybeans fed to growing pigs

There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C., S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2025. There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 323 (2025) 116297. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116297. Link to full text.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Chemical composition, Digestibility, Full-fat soybean, pig

Authors:

Ruiz-Arias, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Peer-reviewed journal articles

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