Hans H. Stein

Publication Type:

Net energy, Metabolizable energy, Low-protein, Soybean meal, synthetic amino acids

Read more about Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on growth performance, carcass composition, energy deposition, blood cytokines, or abundance of intestinal amino acid transporters by growing pigs

Diet protein concentration does not influence net energy by group-housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed

Soybean meal (SBM) is the major source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world because SBM has an AA profile that matches the requirements of pigs and AA in SBM have high digestibility. In the U.S., nearly 20% of all SBM produced is used to feed pigs. However, AA in diets can also be provided by feed-grade synthetic AA and diets based on corn and synthetic AA have been thought to also increase diet net energy and reduce N excretion and carbon footprint. With the addition of synthetic AA in diets, it is possible to reduce the inclusion of SBM and formulate diets with reduced crude protein. However, recent data indicate that pigs of modern genotypes utilize more dietary protein than older genotypes and the net energy may, therefore, not be increased in diets that contain less SBM and more corn and synthetic AA. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that diets based on corn and SBM and limited quantities of synthetic AA contain net energy that is not different from diets based on corn and larger quantities of synthetic AA.

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Read more about Diet protein concentration does not influence net energy by group-housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed

Effect of dietary leucine concentration on the tryptophan requirement in diets for 25-50 kg growing pigs fed soybean meal or corn fermented protein as a protein sources

Diets with high inclusion of corn fermented protein (CFP) may have an excess of Leu, which has a negative impact on the growth performance of pigs. Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that is critical for feed intake regulation, and excess dietary Leu may reduce synthesis of serotonin in the brain by preventing Trp from being transported to the brain. Reduced serotonin synthesis can result in reduced feed intake and pigs with reduced feed intake due to excess Leu also have reduced growth performance. As a consequence, if diets are formulated based on CFP instead of soybean meal (SBM), diets need to be fortified with extra Trp to account for the reduced efficiency of Trp due to the excess Leu in corn protein. However, a quantitative assessment of how much extra Trp is needed in diets based on CFP instead of SBM has not been conducted. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the optimum Trp:Lys ratio in diets for growing pigs is greater if CFP rather than SBM is used as the protein source in the diets.

Keywords:

leucine, Tryptophan, Diets, Pigs, Soybean meal, Corn fermented protein

Authors:

Mallea, Stein

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Read more about Effect of dietary leucine concentration on the tryptophan requirement in diets for 25-50 kg growing pigs fed soybean meal or corn fermented protein as a protein sources

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Synthetic amino acids (AA) are often included in diets fed to pigs at the expense of SBM or other protein sources to provide a portion of the indispensable AA needed by pigs. Substituting SBM for synthetic AA may support pig growth performance, but daily N retention by pigs may be reduced if diets containing synthetic AA instead of some of the SBM are used. This indicates that there may either be an AA deficiency in diets with synthetic AA, or there are factors other than AA in SBM that are needed to maximize protein synthesis in pigs.

It has been speculated that synthetic AA are absorbed more rapidly than AA from intact protein, which may impair protein synthesis. It is, therefore, possible that if protein from SBM is replaced by synthetic AA, some of the synthetic AA will not be used for protein synthesis, which will result in reduced nitrogen retention by the pigs. Results of recent research also indicate that the DE in SBM is greater than in corn, and therefore, dietary DE may be reduced if SBM is reduced in the diet. However, at this time, no research has been conducted to confirm this assumption. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that use of synthetic AA instead of some of the intact protein from SBM reduces N retention and also reduces DE of the diet if fed to growing pigs.

Keywords:

Low-protein, Soybean meal, Nitrogen, Retention, metabolizable.

Authors:

Publication Type:

nitrogen balance, Retention, Soybean meal

Read more about Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of synthetic amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Effect of soy isoflavones and nitrogen-source on nitrogen balance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, less SBM is often used in diets to decrease nitrogen (N) excretion and environmental pollution. Nonetheless, it is demonstrated that lowering dietary protein does not consistently deliver the same performance of pigs as of pigs fed high protein diets, even though all indispensable AA meet the requirements of pigs. It is possible that soybean-derived bioactive compounds (i.e., soy isoflavones and saponins) in SBM act as immunomodulators, which improve the performance of pigs. It is also possible that low-protein diets contain N below the requirements for pigs to maximize growth. However, no data are available to prove this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that N balance of pigs is not affected by reducing dietary protein if soy isoflavones or N source are supplemented in diets.

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Authors:

Ibagon, Stein, Lee

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Read more about Effect of soy isoflavones and nitrogen-source on nitrogen balance in low-protein diets fed to growing pigs

Growth performance, blood inositol levels, and immune characteristics of pigs fed diets containing soybean meal and high levels of phytase

Most of the P in corn and soybean meal (SBM) is stored as phytate. Phytase consists of one hydroxylated inositol ring with six phosphate groups. Therefore, phytase is often included at a standard level of 500 units (FTU) per kg in swine diets to increase the release of P from phytate. However, greater concentrations of phytase in diets for pigs may benefit growth and feed efficiency, which is likely a result of the inositol that is also released and can be absorbed by pigs. Inositol is believed to increase growth of animals by stimulating protein accretion. Inositol also improves gut health of pigs by enhancing intestinal epithelial cell functions. However, data from recent research demonstrated that weaning pigs at around 21 days of age results in a dramatic drop in plasma inositol and it is not until 6 weeks post-weaning that pigs will regain preweaning levels of inositol. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that microbial phytase will release sufficient inositol from corn and SBM and other ingredients in diets for newly weaned pigs to maintain pre-weaning levels of plasma inositol throughout the post-weaning phase and that this will result in improved growth performance of pigs.

Keywords:

Growth performance, blood inositol levels, immune characteristics, Pigs, Soybean meal, Phytase

Authors:

Mallea, Stein

Publication Type:

crystalline amino acids, Net energy, Soybean meal

Read more about Growth performance, blood inositol levels, and immune characteristics of pigs fed diets containing soybean meal and high levels of phytase

Diet protein concentration does not influence dietary net energy by group housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein. 2024. Diet protein concentration does not influence dietary net energy by group housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed. J. Anim. Sci. 102 (Suppl. 3): 250–251 (abstr.). doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.288 Link to abstract.

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Authors:

Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, Andrea P Mallea, Leidy J Torres-Mendoza, Carl M Parsons, Hans H Stein

Publication Type:

Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

Ibagon, J. A., S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2024. Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs. In: 75th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Florence, Italy, Sep. 1-5, 2024.

Keywords:

Energy, Soybean meal, Diets, Growing pigs

Authors:

Ibagon, Lee, Stein

Publication Type:

Soybean meal, crystalline amino acids, Growing pigs, Net energy, nitrogen retention

Read more about Empirical validation of implementing high energy in soybean meal: soybean oil equivalence of soybean meal in diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal or crystalline amino acids in diets for growing pigs: Impact on diet net energy, pig growth performance, and nitrogen retention

Stein, Hans H. Jimena A. Ibagon, Minoy Cristobal. 2024. Soybean meal or crystalline amino acids in diets for growing pigs: Impact on diet net energy, pig growth performance, and nitrogen retention. Proc. 23^nd Annual Midwest Swine Nutrition Conf. Danville, IN, Sep. 5, 2024. Pages 45-51.

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Authors:

Stein, Ibagon, Cristobal

Publication Type:

Conference proceedings

Read more about Soybean meal or crystalline amino acids in diets for growing pigs: Impact on diet net energy, pig growth performance, and nitrogen retention

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Andrea P. Mallea, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on energy and nitrogen balance by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 283 - 284. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.322. Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Nitrogen, Retention, Soybean meal

Authors:

Cristobal, Lee, Torres-Mendoza, Mallea, Parsons, Stein

Publication Type:

Net energy of soybean meal

Stein. Hans H. 2024. Net energy of soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 184. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.205 Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Net energy, Soybean meal

Authors:

Stein

Publication Type:

Amino acids, Growth performance, Soybean meal

Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on growth performance, protein synthesis, and immune response of growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Andrea P. Mallea, Leidy J. Torres-Mendoza, Jessica P. Acosta, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2024. Effect of feeding intact protein from soybean meal instead of crystalline amino acids on growth performance, protein synthesis, and immune response of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 102, Suppl. S2. P 45 - 46. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae102.054 Link to abstract.

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Authors:

Cristobal, Lee, Mallea, Torres-Mendoza, Acosta, Parsons, Stein

Publication Type:

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) is affected by dietary AA levels because of different contributions of endogenous AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different levels of AA. Because of the influence of dietary protein and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

When the direct procedure is used to determine AA digestibility, diets containing cereal grains are sometimes formulated to contain AA below the requirement. In contrast, if the SID of oilseed meals or other protein-rich ingredients are determined, concentrations of AA may be at or above the requirement. Because the influence of the basal endogenous losses of AA is eliminated in the calculations of SID values, it is assumed that values for SID are not influenced by dietary concentrations of AA. However, to our knowledge this hypothesis has not been experimentally verified, but it is an important question because it may influence how diets used in digestibility experiments are formulated. Therefore, four experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the SID of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA levels.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Casein, Digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate, Soy protein isolate, Standardized ileal digestibility

Authors:

Lee, Stein

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Read more about Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets fed to growing pigs

Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs

Cristobal, Minoy A., Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2023. Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Volume 101, Issue Supplement 2, Pages 51 - 52, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.056. Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Amino acids, Digestibility, Energy, Phosphorus, Soybean meal

Authors:

Cristobal, Parsons, Stein

Publication Type:

Amino acid digestibility in soybean meal and crystalline amino acid based diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is the major source of amino acids (AA) and energy in diets for swine throughout the world. However, due to the emergence of feed-grade crystalline AA, it is estimated that SBM usage by pigs has been reduced by at least 35% over the last 25 years. Reduction on concentration of SBM and increasing the use of crystalline AA in diets may impact the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and AA. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that diets containing corn, SBM, and crystalline AA have greater AA digestibility compared with corn and SBM diets.

Keywords:

Amino Acid, Soybean meal, Growing pigs, Feed

Authors:

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Read more about Amino acid digestibility in soybean meal and crystalline amino acid based diets fed to growing pigs

Determination of the net energy in soybean meal fed to group-housed pigs

Lee, Su A, D. A. Rodriguez, and H. H. Stein. 2022. Determination of the net energy in soybean meal fed to group-housed pigs. 15th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs. Animal - Science Proceedings 13(Issue 2): 178. Link to abstract.

Keywords:

Net energy, Soybean meal, Pigs

Authors:

Lee, Rodriguez, Stein

Publication Type:

amino acids digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) is affected by CP and AA concentrations in diets because of the different contributions of endogenous N and AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different concentrations of CP. Because of the influence of dietary CP and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets if the concentration of CP and AA in the mixed diet is different from that of the ingredients. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

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Authors:

Lee, Stein

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