Hans H. Stein

Wheat middlings, Red dog, Digestible energy, Metabolizable energy

Digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to pigs

Wheat middlings and red dog are two coproducts of the wheat milling process that are used as sources of energy and protein in animal feed. Wheat middlings are granular particles of the wheat endosperm, bran and germ. Red dog consists mainly of the aleurone layer that lies between the bran and the endosperm, along with small particles of bran, germ, and flour. It is often used in extrusion mixtures and as a pellet binder. The composition of wheat middlings varies from mill to mill because of the different conditions under which they are produced.

Wheat and wheat co-products contain more non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) than other grains commonly fed to pigs. Because pigs lack the enzymes needed to digest NSPs, this may affect the digestibility of energy and nutrients. An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), and organic matter (OM), and the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in ten sources of wheat middlings as well as one source of red dog.

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type:

Amino acid digestibility, Wheat middlings, Red dog

Read more about Digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to pigs

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat middlings and red dog fed to pigs

Wheat middlings and red dog are coproducts of the wheat milling process that are used as a source of energy and protein in animal feed. Wheat middlings are granular particles of the wheat endosperm, bran and germ. Red dog consists mainly of the aleurone layer that lies between the bran and the endosperm, along with small particles of bran, germ, and flour. It is often used in extrusion mixtures and as a pellet binder.

The digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in wheat coproducts produced in China has been reported, but there is limited information about the nutritional value of wheat middlings and red dog produced in the United States. In addition, because wheat coproducts vary in terms of the conditions under which they are produced, their nutritional value may vary as well. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the concentration and digestibility of crude protein and amino acids in ten sources of wheat middlings and in one source of red dog.

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type:

Read more about Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat middlings and red dog fed to pigs

Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs

Liu, Y., D. Espinosa, J. J. Abelilla, G. A. Casas, L. V. Lagos, S. A. Lee, W. B. Kwon, J. K. Mathai, D. M.D. L. Navarro, N. W. Jaworski, and H. H. Stein. 2016. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs. Pages 263-281 in Proceedings of the 2016 Chinese Swine Industry Symposium, Shanghai, China, October 20-21, 2016. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Extrusion, Pelleting, Particle size, Sodium hydroxide, Ammonia, Calcium oxide, Calcium hydroxide, Enzymes

Authors:

Liu, Espinosa, Abelilla, Casas, Lagos, LeeSA, Kwon, Mathai, Navarro, Jaworski, Stein

Publication Type:

Conference proceedings

Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:4179-4187. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Rice bran, Xylanase, Growth performance

Authors:

Publication Type:

Rice bran, Digestible energy, Metabolizable energy

Effects of feeding level and physiological stage on digestibility of GE and nutrients and concentration of DE and ME in full fat and defatted rice bran fed to gestating sows and growing gilts

Gestating sows have been found to have greater digestibility of energy than growing pigs. One possible explanation is that sows' larger intestinal tracts and more efficient fermentation of fiber allow them to extract more energy from their feed.

Gestating sows are usually restricted in their feed allowance while growing pigs are fed ad libitum. This confounds comparisons between sows and growing pigs because feeding level affects the rate at which feed passes through the intestinal tract and may affect the efficiency of digestion.

Therefore, an experiment was conducted to separate the effects of physiological stage from the effects of the level of feed intake on digestibility of gross energy (GE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in full fat rice bran (FFRB) and defatted rice bran (DFRB).

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type:

Read more about Effects of feeding level and physiological stage on digestibility of GE and nutrients and concentration of DE and ME in full fat and defatted rice bran fed to gestating sows and growing gilts

Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran and microbial xylanase on growth performance of weanling pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran and microbial xylanase on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94(E-Suppl. 5):441 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords:

Rice bran, Xylanase, Growth performance

Authors:

Publication Type:

Soy protein concentrate, Growth performance

Effects of using soy protein concentrate as a protein source in diets fed to weanling pigs

Because of the presence of antinutritional factors, the use of soybean meal in weanling pig diets is limited. Animal protein sources can be used, but their cost is high relative to plant protein sources. Therefore, it is economically advantageous to find high quality plant protein sources that weanling pigs can tolerate.

Soybean meal can be processed in various ways to remove or reduce antinutritional factors. One way is to use an alcohol extraction process to remove water-soluble carbohydrates, followed by heat treatment. This process produces soy protein concentrate. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding a soy protein concentrate product called X-SOY 200 on growth performance and blood parameters in weanling pigs.

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type:

Read more about Effects of using soy protein concentrate as a protein source in diets fed to weanling pigs

Nutritional value of feed ingredients of plant origin fed to pigs

Stein, H. H., L. V. Lagos, and G. A. Casas. 2016. Nutritional value of feed ingredients of plant origin fed to pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 218:33-69. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Plant feed ingredients

Authors:

Stein, Lagos, Casas

Publication Type:

Effects of microbial xylanase on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy and the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice coproducts fed to weanling pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of microbial xylanase on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy and the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice coproducts fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:1933-1939. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Xylanase, Rice bran, Brown rice, Broken rice, Digestible energy, Metabolizable energy, Fiber digestibility

Authors:

Publication Type:

Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran on growth performance of weanling pigs

Rice bran is the brown outer layer of brown rice, which is removed from brown rice to produce white polished rice for human consumption. Rice bran may be full fat, containing 14 to 25% fat, or defatted, which reduces the concentration of fat to less than 5%.

Rice bran has a high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), primarily arabinoxylan and cellulose. NSPs decrease nutrient digestibility and thus limit the inclusion of rice bran in weanling pig diets. Recent data from our laboratory indicate that adding exogenous xylanase to diets containing full fat rice bran (FFRB) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) increases the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of increased inclusion levels of FFRB or DFRB to diets without or with exogenous xylanase on growth performance.

Keywords:

Xylanase, Rice bran, Growth performance

Authors:

Publication Type:

Xylanase, Rice bran, Fiber digestibility, Energy digestibility, Digestible energy, Metabolizable energy

Read more about Effects of full fat or defatted rice bran on growth performance of weanling pigs

Effects of exogenous xylanase on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy and the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice co-products fed to weanling pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of exogenous xylanase on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and energy and the concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice co-products fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94(Suppl. 2):107 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type:

Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs

Stein, H. H., G. A. Casas, J. J. Abelilla, Y. Liu, and R. C. Sulabo. 2015. Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6:56. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Copra meal, Copra expeller, Palm kernel meal, Palm kernel expellers, Rice bran

Authors:

Stein, Casas, Abelilla, Liu, Sulabo

Publication Type:

Amino acid digestibility, Rice bran, Broken rice

Amino acid digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs

Casas, G. A., J. A. S. Almeida, and H. H. Stein. 2015. Amino acid digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 207:150-158. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Authors:

Casas, AlmeidaJAS, Stein

Publication Type:

Effects of microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2015. Effects of microbial phytase on the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 93:3441-3448. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords:

Phosphorus digestibility, Broken rice, Brown rice, Rice bran, Low phytate corn

Authors:

Publication Type:

Amino acid digestibility, Rice bran, Broken rice

Amino acid digestibility in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs

Casas, G. A., J. Almeida, and H. H. Stein. 2015. Amino acid digestibility in rice coproducts fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 93(Suppl. 2):136 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords:

Authors:

AlmeidaJAS, Casas, Stein

Publication Type:

Effects of phytase on phosphorus digestibility of rice co-products fed to growing pigs

Casas, G. A. and H. H. Stein. 2015. Effects of phytase on phosphorus digestibility of rice co-products fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 93(Suppl. 2):54-55 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords:

Phosphorus digestibility, Phytase, Rice bran, Broken rice, Rice mill feed, Brown rice

Authors:

Publication Type:

Effects of xylanase on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice co-products fed to weaning pigs

Several co-products from rice processing can be used as animal feed. Brown rice is the whole rice grain that is left after the hull layer has been removed, leaving the germ, starchy endosperm, and bran. Rice bran is the outer brown layer of brown rice, which is removed to produce white rice. It is high in fiber, and also contains about 15% crude protein and 14 to 20% fat. Rice bran can be fed as full fat rice bran or defatted rice bran. Broken rice, or brewer's rice, consists of white rice grains that have been damaged in processing. It is high in starch and contains little fat, fiber, or protein (Table 1).

Non–starch polysaccharides (NSPs), primarily arabinoxylan and cellulose, comprise 20 to 25% of defatted rice bran. NSPs reduce nutrient absorption and energy digestibility. Addition of exogenous xylanase to wheat co-products, which also have high concentration of NSPs, may improve digestibility of energy, but there is limited information about the effects of adding exogenous xylanases to rice co-products. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect on concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of adding exogenous xylanase to diets containing full fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), brown rice, or broken rice.

Keywords:

Digestible energy, Metabolizable energy, Non starch polysaccharides, Rice bran, Broken rice, Brown rice, Xylanase

Authors:

Publication Type:

Read more about Effects of xylanase on the concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in rice co-products fed to weaning pigs

Phosphorus digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs

After corn and wheat, rice is the third most widely grown cereal grain worldwide. Most rice is processed to produce polished white rice for human consumption, and several co-products result from this processing. First, the outer husk, or hull, of the grain is removed. The dehulled grain, consisting of the bran, germ, and endosperm, is brown rice. To produce white rice, the brown rice is milled further and the bran is removed. Rice bran is high in fiber, and also contains about 15% crude protein and 14 to 20% fat. Rice bran can be fed as full fat rice bran or defatted rice bran. Rice bran is sometimes combined with rice hulls to produce rice mill feed. During milling of the rice, some kernels may get broken and cannot be used for human consumption. These broken kernels are known as broken rice or brewers rice and may also be used in animal feeding.

The phosphorus content of rice is similar to that of corn. Most of the phosphorus in rice is in the bran fraction, and 80-85% of the phosphorus in rice bran is bound to phytate, which limits its digestibility by pigs. Microbial phytase can be used in swine diets to increase the digestibility of phytate-bound phosphorus. However, limited information exists about phosphorus digestibility in rice co-products and how it is affected by microbial phytase. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of phosphorus in brown rice, broken rice, full fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), and rice mill feed fed to growing pigs. A second objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus digestibility in rice co-products.

Keywords:

Rice, Rice bran, Broken rice, Rice mill feed, Brown rice

Authors:

Publication Type:

Amino acid digestibility, Rice bran, Broken rice

Read more about Phosphorus digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs

Amino acid digestibility in rice co-products fed to growing pigs

Global production of rice is third in terms of total tonnage after corn and wheat. Rice is grown to produce polished white rice for human consumption. However, harvested rice, called paddy rice or rough rice, needs to be dehulled, which results in production of brown rice. The outer brown bran layer of brown rice, known as rice bran, also needs to be removed before polished white rice is produced. Approximately 20% of the paddy rice is hulls and the bran fraction is 8 to 10%, so only 70% of the paddy rice will become polished rice. Rice bran is high in fiber, and also contains about 15% crude protein and 14 to 20% fat. Rice bran can be fed as full fat rice bran or defatted rice bran. During milling of the rice, some kernels may get broken and cannot be used for human consumption. These broken kernels are known as broken rice or brewers rice and may also be used in animal feeding. Broken rice is high in starch and contains little fat, fiber, or protein.

Both rice bran and broken rice may be fed to pigs, but these ingredients are poorly characterized in terms of nutritional value. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein and amino acids in broken rice, two sources of full fat rice bran (FFRB), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to growing pigs.

Keywords:

Authors:

Publication Type: