Metabolizable energy

Digestible and metabolizable energy, and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in five sources of full-fat soybeans fed to growing pigs

Whole soybeans, from which the oil is not extracted, are referred to as full-fat soybeans (FFSB) and may be used in diets for poultry and pigs because of it is high contents of protein, oil, linoleic acid, vitamin E, and lecithin. Unprocessed raw soybeans, however, contain several anti-nutritional factors including trypsin inhibitors that make them unsuitable as a feed for pigs and poultry, because the protein digesting enzymes are impaired by the trypsin inhibitors, which reduces digestibility, depresses growth rate, and decreases the efficiency of feed utilization when fed to swine. However, there is a lack of data for the nutritional value of FFSB. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that there is no difference among FFSB sources 01, 02, 03, 04, and 05 in the digestible energy (DE), the metabolizable energy (ME), and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P when fed to growing pigs.

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Nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy, standardized amino acid digestibility, and digestibility of phosphorus in a new variety of soybeans fed to chickens

The improvement of yield or oil content in soybean seeds, mainly through genetic modification, has often resulted in a decrease in protein concentration. However, a new genetic technology patented as Photoseed was used to develop a new variety of soybeans. By modifying genes involved in biosynthesis and storage of lipids, it was possible to increase the accumulation of lipid droplets and increase carbon capture. This resulted in soybeans that contain more oil, without negatively affecting crude protein concentration, compared with conventional soybeans. There is, however, no information about the nutritional value of the soybean meal produced from the Photoseed variety of soybeans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn), standardized amino acid (AA) digestibility, and apparent ileal P digestibility are not different in a soybean expeller (SBE) produced from a new variety of Photoseed soybeans compared with SBE produced from conventional soybeans.  

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Digestibility of energy and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy varies among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs

Stein, Hans H., Olayiwola Adeola, Sung Woo Kim, Phillip S. Miller, Sunday A. Adedokun, and North Central Coordinating Committee on Swine Nutrition (NCCC-42).  2023. Digestibility of energy and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy varies among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 101, 1–9. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad297.

Nutritional value of a new source of cheese coproduct fed to weanling pigs

Mallea, Andrea P., Maryane S. F. Oliveira, Diego A. Lopez, and Hans H. Stein. 2023. Nutritional value of a new source of cheese coproduct fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science: 101, 1–10. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad107. Link to full text.

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Metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs may be reduced if excessive heat is applied during drying of corn

Corn is harvested at a high moisture level, and thus must be dried to less than 15% moisture to ensure safe storage. Improvements to reduce the energy consumption of the dryers have been implemented, especially by increasing the inlet air temperature. However, overheating may have a negative impact on the stability of nutrients, especially amino acids (AA), because Maillard reactions may occur if heat and moisture are applied to feed ingredients. Consequently, Maillard reactions result in a decrease in the concentration and digestibility of AA, and it is possible that energy digestibility is also reduced. Therefore, the objective of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that both the temperature used in drying and the time that heat is applied will affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in corn fed to growing pigs.

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Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in three sources of corn protein fed to weanling pigs

Corn coproducts produced from the fuel ethanol or the wet milling industries may be used in diets for pigs. Different technologies are used to develop high protein corn co-products, but in addition to providing amino acids to the diets, high protein corn co-products also provide energy to the diets. The energy concentrations in corn protein may depend on the concentrations of fat, carbohydrates, and protein in sources of corn protein. Newly developed corn proteins contain 40 to 50% crude protein. There are, however, limited data on how differences in the chemical composition of different sources of corn protein influence the concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) when fed to weanling pigs. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and concentrations of DE and ME among 3 sources of corn protein when fed to weanling pigs.

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Effect of sample preparation method and drying method on the concentration of energy in urine and the concentration of metabolizable energy in diets fed to pigs

To obtain accurate values for metabolizable energy (ME) in diets and ingredients, an accurate estimation of gross energy (GE) in urine is required. Urine samples are often prepared following the freeze-dried cotton-plastic bag method and GE is determined by the ignition of the sample in a bomb calorimeter. However, the concentration of GE in urine can also be determined by dripping urine on a cellulose pellet, which can then be ignited in a bomb calorimeter. Alternatively, energy in urine can be calculated from the concentration of N in urine assuming that all energy in urine originates from N. The latter 2 methods may be less expensive and less time consuming than using the freeze-dried cotton-plastic bag method. Likewise, oven drying instead of freeze drying of samples may reduce time and cost of the drying procedure. However, to our knowledge, no data comparing values for GE in urine and ME in diets among different sample preparation and drying methods are available. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that there are no differences in GE of urine or ME values of diets among sample preparation methods (freeze-dried cotton-plastic bag, undried cellulose pellet, or N value method). The second hypothesis was that drying method (freeze drying or oven drying) of cotton-plastic bag urine samples from pigs do not influence analyzed the GE in urine or calculated ME in diets.

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Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs may be reduced by autoclaving soybean meal

Oliveira, M. S. F., M. K. Wiltafsky, S. A. Lee, K. W. Kwon, and H. H. Stein. 2020. Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs may be reduced by autoclaving soybean meal. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 114621. Link to full text.

Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

Oliveira, Maryane S. F., Markus K. Wiltafsky-Martin, and Hans H. Stein. 2020. Excessive heating of 00-rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, Vol. 98, No. 7, 1–9. doi:10.1093/jas/skaa219. Link to full text.

Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal sourced from different countries and fed to pigs

Lopez, Diego A., L. Vanessa Lagos, Hans H. Stein. 2020. Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal sourced from different countries and fed to pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 268: 114600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114600.

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Digestible and metabolizable energy in corn- or sorghum based diets may be improved by addition of a xylanase-cellulase enzyme mixture

Exogenous carbohydrases can be used in diets for pigs to increase digestibility of dietary fiber and energy in cereal grains and cereal co-products. The three main fibers in cereal grains and cereal co-products are arabinoxylans, cellulose, and mixed-linked beta glucans. The fermentability is different among these three types of fiber. Energy digestibility is often improved if xylanase is added to wheat-based diets, whereas positive responses to xylanase in corn-based diets have been difficult to demonstrate, indicating that fermentation of dietary fiber differs among ingredients. However, there is less information about effects of carbohydrases on digestibility of fiber and energy in sorghum-based diets. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that xylanase and cellulase improve the digestibility of energy and total dietary fiber in diets based on corn or sorghum with addition of high fiber co-products.

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Effects of heat treatment on digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in soybean meal fed to pigs

Lee, S. A., M. S. F. Oliveira, W. B. Kwon, and H. H. Stein. 2019. Effects of heat treatment on digestibility of amino acids and concentration of metabolizable energy in soybean meal fed to pigs. Book of Abstracts. In: 1st International Feed Technology Congress, Cologne, Germany. p. 33. (Abstr.). Link to Abstract.

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Amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy in a heating double-low rapeseed meal fed to pigs

Oliveira, M. S. F., J. K. Htoo, M. K. Wiltafsky, J. C. Gonzalez-Vega, and H. H. Stein. 2019. Amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy in a heating double-low rapeseed meal fed to pigs. In: 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Sep. 9-12, 2019.

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Nutrient composition and energy concentration in soybean meal from 5 different countries fed to pigs

Lagos, L. V., D. A. Lopez, and H. H. Stein. 2019. Nutrient composition and energy concentration in soybean meal from 5 different countries fed to pigs. In: 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Sep. 9-12, 2019. Pages 159-160. (Abstr.). Link to full text

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Optimising soy protein concentrate use in pig diets

Huang, C., H. H. Stein, and G. A. Casas. 2016. Optimising soy protein concentrate use in pig diets. Pages 32-33 in Pig Progress, July 2016. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Excessive heat treatment of double-low rapeseed meal reduces not only amino acid digestibility but also concentrations of metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

Double-low rapeseed meal (RSM) is currently used as a protein ingredient in animal diets. Heat treatment of RSM at varying processing conditions removes the residual hexane and efficiently reduces the glucosinolate content. However, variations in heat processing temperatures and duration of heat treatment may result in Maillard reactions, resulting in the formation of sugar-amino acid complexes. Maillard reaction products result in reduced standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), with Lys being the most sensitive AA. However, there is limited information about how heating affects the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of DE and ME and the SID of AA in double-low RSM fed to growing pigs.

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Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs

Extrusion of cereal grains may be used to improve nutrient digestibility in cereal grains because addition of heat and pressure in combination with addition of moisture during the extrusion may gelatinize the starch, which results in an increase in starch digestibility. It is also possible that AA and energy digestibility are increased by the extrusion, but data to verify this hypothesis have not been published. Therefore, the objective of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that the ileal digestibility of AA and starch and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ADF, NDF, and GE as well as the concentrations of DE and ME in corn, wheat, and sorghum are increased by extrusion.

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The contribution of digestible and metabolizable energy from high-fiber dietary ingredients is not affected by inclusion rate in mixed diets fed to growing pigs

Navarro, D. M. D. L., E. M. A. M. Bruininx, L. de Jong,  and H. H. Stein. 2018. The contribution of digestible and metabolizable energy from high-fiber dietary ingredients is not affected by inclusion rate in mixed diets fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96:1860-1868. Link to abstract

High-protein distillers dried grains with solubles produced using a novel front-end-back-end fractionation technology has greater nutritional value than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs

Espinosa, C. D. and H. H. Stein. 2018. High-protein distillers dried grains with solubles produced using a novel front-end-back-end fractionation technology has greater nutritional value than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96(Suppl. 2):174 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and fat and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, D. A., S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2018. Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and fat and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96(Suppl. 2):173-174 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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