Extrusion

Feed preference of weanling pigs fed diets containing extruded corn ground to different particle sizes

Marshall, C. M., S. A Lee, and H. H Stein. 2024. Feed preference of weanling pigs fed diets containing extruded corn ground to different particle sizes. J. Anim. Sci.102 (Suppl. 3): 234–235. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.272 Link to abstract.

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Interactive effects of extrusion and particle size reduction of corn on metabolizable energy by weanling pigs

Marshall, Caleb M, Su A Lee, and Hans H. Stein. 2024. Interactive effects of extrusion and particle size reduction of corn on metabolizable energy by weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci., Volume 102 (Suppl. 3): 261–262 (abstr.). doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae234.299 Link to abstract.

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Feed preference of weanling pigs fed diets containing extruded corn ground to different particle sizes

Extrusion results in increased digestibility of energy, which is primarily due to increased gelatinization of starch. Because this process improves flavor of cereal grains, it is known that extrusion improves palatability in pig diets. Particle size reduction in cereal grains results in an improved digestibility of nutrients due to increased surface area of grains, which subsequently increases the interaction with digestive enzymes. However, because grinding changes the textural traits of grains, the palatability of feeds is low and thus feed intake of pigs is often reduced.

The feed preference of pigs may be influenced by the characteristics of feed ingredients included in diets, but it is not known if different particle size of extruded corn affects the feed preference of weanling pigs. Therefore, the objective was to test the null hypothesis that there were no effects of reducing particle size of extruded corn on feed preference by weanling pigs.

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Interactive effects of reducing particle size and extrusion on energy digestibility and concentrations of digestible energy and metabolizable energy in corn fed to young pigs

Particle size reduction in cereal grains often results in an improved digestibility of starch due to increased surface area of grains, which subsequently increases the interaction with digestive enzymes. Improvement in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) upon particle size reduction has also been demonstrated in corn and a number of other ingredients when fed to weanling or growing-finishing pigs.

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Extrusion of soybean hulls does not increase digestibility of amino acids or concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, Diego A., Su A Lee, María R. C. de Godoy, and Hans H. Stein. 2020. Extrusion of soybean hulls does not increase digestibility of amino acids or concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2020.4:1-9. doi: 10.1093/tas/txaa169. Link to full text.

Digestibility of amino acids and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy are greater in high-shear dry soybean expellers than in soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, Diego A., Su A Lee, and Hans H. Stein. 2020. Digestibility of amino acids and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy are greater in high-shear dry soybean expellers than in soybean meal when fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, Vol. 98, No. 7, 1–8.

doi:10.1093/jas/skaa215. Link to full text.

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Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy by growing pigs, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in yellow dent corn, hard red winter wheat, and sorghum may be influenced by extrusion

Rodriguez, Diego A., Su A. Lee, Cassandra K. Jones, John K. Htoo, Hans H. Stein. 2020. Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy by growing pigs, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in yellow dent corn, hard red winter wheat, and sorghum may be influenced by extrusion. Animal Feed Science and Technology 268 (2020) 114602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114602.

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Effects of particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion on the nutritional value of ingredients and diets fed to pigs: A review

Lancheros, J. P., C. D. Espinosa, H. H. Stein. 2020. Effects of particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion on the nutritional value of ingredients and diets fed to pigs: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 268 (2020) 114603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114603.

Digestibility of energy, and total dietary fiber, and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean expeller and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

When soybeans are crushed, the oil may be solvent extracted and the resulting defatted soybeans are known as soybean meal (SBM). However, the oil may also be mechanically expelled from the beans and the defatted soybeans resulting from this procedure is an ingredient known as soybean expellers. The expelling procedure is less efficient in removing oil from the beans and soybean expellers, therefore, contain more residual oil than SBM. Soybean expellers can be produced using different technologies, and a new procedure involving a patented high shear dry extrusion procedure was recently developed (Insta-Pro International, Des Moines, IA). There are however, no data for the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and total dietary fiber (TDF) and DE and ME concentrations in the soybean expellers that are produced from this procedure. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that the ATTD of GE and TDF and concentrations of DE and ME are greater in soybean expellers than in SBM when fed to growing pigs.

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Digestibility of amino acids is greater in soybean expellers than in soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

When soybeans are crushed, the oil may be solvent extracted and the resulting defatted soybeans are known as soybean meal (SBM). However, the oil may also be mechanically expelled from the beans and the defatted soybeans resulting from this procedure is an ingredient known as soybean expellers. The expelling procedure is less efficient in removing oil from the beans and soybean expellers, therefore, contain more residual oil than SBM. Soybean expellers can be produced using different technologies, and a new procedure involving a patented high shear dry extrusion procedure was recently developed (Insta-Pro International, Des Moines, IA). There are however, no data for the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in the soybean expellers that are produced from this procedure. Therefore, the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and AAis greater in soybean expellers than in SBM when fed to growing pigs.

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Effects of extrusion on nutrient and energy digestibility in cereal grains fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, D. A., S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2019. Effects of extrusion on nutrient and energy digestibility in cereal grains fed to growing pigs. Book of Abstracts. In: 1st International Feed Technology Congress, Cologne, Germany. p. 16. (Abstr.). Link to Abstract.

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Effects of extrusion on nutrient and energy digestibility in cereal grains fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez, D. A., S. A. Lee, C. Jones, J. K. Htoo, and H. H. Stein. 2019. Effects of extrusion on nutrient and energy digestibility in cereal grains fed to growing pigs. In: 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Sep. 9-12, 2019. Pages 185-186. (Abstr.). Link to full text

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Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs

Rodriguez Diego A., Su A Lee, Mary B. Muckey, Cassandra K. Jones, and Hans H. Stein. 2019. Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 97, Issue Supplement_2, July 2019, Pages 85–86. (Abstr.). Link to abstract.

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Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs

Extrusion of cereal grains may be used to improve nutrient digestibility in cereal grains because addition of heat and pressure in combination with addition of moisture during the extrusion may gelatinize the starch, which results in an increase in starch digestibility. It is also possible that AA and energy digestibility are increased by the extrusion, but data to verify this hypothesis have not been published. Therefore, the objective of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that the ileal digestibility of AA and starch and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ADF, NDF, and GE as well as the concentrations of DE and ME in corn, wheat, and sorghum are increased by extrusion.

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Processing of ingredients and diets and effects on nutritional value for pigs

Rojas, O. J. and H. H. Stein. 2017. Processing of ingredients and diets and effects on nutritional value for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 8:48. Link to full text

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Determining starch gelatinization from grains collected at various locations within the extrusion process

Yoder, A. D., M. B. Muckey, C. R. Stark, H. H. Stein, and C. K. Jones. 2017. Determining starch gelatinization from grains collected at various locations within the extrusion process. J. Anim. Sci. 95(Suppl. 5):129 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Use of feed technology to improve the nutritional value of feed ingredients

Rojas, O. J. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Use of feed technology to improve the nutritional value of feed ingredients. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:1312-1316. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs

Liu, Y., D. Espinosa, J. J. Abelilla, G. A. Casas, L. V. Lagos, S. A. Lee, W. B. Kwon, J. K. Mathai, D. M.D. L. Navarro, N. W. Jaworski, and H. H. Stein. 2016. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs. Pages 263-281 in Proceedings of the 2016 Chinese Swine Industry Symposium, Shanghai, China, October 20-21, 2016. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Effects of feed processing on the nutritional value of feed ingredients or diets fed to pigs

Rojas, O. J. and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of feed processing on the nutritional value of feed ingredients or diets fed to pigs. Pages 33-49 in Proceedings of the 2016 Chinese Swine Industry Symposium, Shanghai, China, October 20-21, 2016. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Effects of pelleting, extrusion, or extrusion and pelleting on energy and nutrient digestibility in diets containing different levels of fiber and fed to growing pigs

Rojas, O. J., E. Vinyeta, and H. H. Stein. 2016. Effects of pelleting, extrusion, or extrusion and pelleting on energy and nutrient digestibility in diets containing different levels of fiber and fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:1951-1960. Link to full text (.pdf)

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