Protein

Effects of diet protein concentration on apparent ileal digestibility of starch and standardized ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids by growing pigs

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Andrea Paola P. Mallea Ortiz, Carl M. M. Parsons, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of diet protein concentration on apparent ileal digestibility of starch and standardized ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids by growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 45–46, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.050 Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Amino Acid, Protein, Soybean meal, synthetic
Authors: 
Minoy Cristobal1, Su A Lee1, Andrea Paola P. Mallea Ortiz1, Carl M. M. Parsons1, Hans H. Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

The pig is an excellent model to determine amino acid digestibility of human foods and to generate data needed to meet human amino acid requirements

Stein, Hans H. 2024. The pig is an excellent model to determine amino acid digestibility of human foods and to generate data needed to meet human amino acid requirements. Front. Nutr. 11:1434430. DOI 10.3389/fnut.2024.1434430 Link to full text.

Keywords: 
additivity, Amino acids, Digestibility, pig, Protein
Authors: 
Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in diets fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) is affected by dietary AA levels because of different contributions of endogenous AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different levels of AA. Because of the influence of dietary protein and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

When the direct procedure is used to determine AA digestibility, diets containing cereal grains are sometimes formulated to contain AA below the requirement. In contrast, if the SID of oilseed meals or other protein-rich ingredients are determined, concentrations of AA may be at or above the requirement. Because the influence of the basal endogenous losses of AA is eliminated in the calculations of SID values, it is assumed that values for SID are not influenced by dietary concentrations of AA. However, to our knowledge this hypothesis has not been experimentally verified, but it is an important question because it may influence how diets used in digestibility experiments are formulated. Therefore, four experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the SID of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA levels.

Keywords: 
Amino acids, Casein, Digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate, Soy protein isolate, Standardized ileal digestibility
Authors: 
Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

In vitro digestibility of plant-based protein foods and ingredients using the INFOGEST workflow vs standardised values in growing pigs

Gomez-Marin, Cristina, Hans H. Stein, Natalia S. Fanelli, Beatriz Miralles, Isidra Recio. 2023. In vitro digestibility of plant-based protein foods and ingredients using the INFOGEST workflow vs standardised values in growing pigs. International Symposium Dietary Protein for Human Health. Utrecht, The Netherlands Sep 2023. Pag 90. Link to Abstract.

Keywords: 
Digestibility, plant-based, Protein, Pigs
Authors: 
Gomez-Marin, Stein, Fanelli, Miralles, Recio
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Effects of increasing dietary protein on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) is affected by CP and AA concentrations in diets because of the different contributions of endogenous N and AA to the ileal digesta from pigs fed diets with different concentrations of CP. Because of the influence of dietary CP and AA on calculated values for AID, values for AID obtained in individual feed ingredients are not always additive in mixed diets if the concentration of CP and AA in the mixed diet is different from that of the ingredients. Therefore, values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, which are corrected for the basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA, are used in diet formulations to avoid the influence of endogenous AA on digestibility values, and SID values are, therefore, additive in mixed diets.

Keywords: 
amino acids digestibility, Protein, Soybean meal, Soy protein concentrate
Authors: 
Lee, Stein
Publication Type: 
Research Reports

A Salute to PVT TIM HiLL: Indispensable Amino Acids and Global Human Health

Berg, Eric P., and Hans H. Stein. 2021. A Salute to PVT TIM HiLL: Indispensable Amino Acids and Global Human Health. Meat and Muscle Biology 2021.5(3): 4, 1–10. doi:10.22175/mmb.12925. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
indispensable amino acid, Protein, Digestibility, meat, Digestible indispensable amino acid score
Authors: 
Berg, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles

Effects of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, fecal score, gastrointestinal pH, and blood characteristics in weanling pigs fed antibiotic-free diets

Limbach, Joseph R., Estefania Pérez Calvo, Hans H. Stein. 2020. Effects of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, fecal score, gastrointestinal pH, and blood characteristics in weanling pigs fed antibiotic-free diets. J. Anim. Sci. 98(Suppl. 3): 91. doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.159 (Abstr.). Link to abstract.

Keywords: 
Protein, Growth performance, blood characteristics
Authors: 
Limbach, Pérez Calvo, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Transitioning from the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) to the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) to evaluate protein quality of human foods.

Bailey, H. M., and H. H. Stein. 2019. Transitioning from the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) to the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) to evaluate protein quality of human foods. Inform Magazine, 30:22-24. June, 2019. Doi., 10.21748/inform.06.2019.22. Link to full text.

Keywords: 
Protein, digestiblility, Amino Acid, Pigs
Authors: 
Bailey, Stein
Publication Type: 
Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Protein and amino acid digestibility of Camelina sativa co-products for growing pigs

Cerisuelo, A., P. Ferrer, E. Gómez, H. Stein, T. Woyengo, J. Cano, and O. Piquer. 2018. Protein and amino acid digestibility of Camelina sativa co-products for growing pigs. 14th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs. Adv. Anim. Biosci. Volume 9, Issue S2, 9:S148-149. (Abstr.). Link to abstract

Keywords: 
Protein, AA, Digestibility, Camelina sativa, Growing pigs
Authors: 
Cerisuelo, Ferrer, Gómez, Stein, Woyengo, Cano, and Piquer
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Site of digestibility of protein and phosphorus by growing pigs fed diets without or with microbial phytase

Geraets, L. L., M. G. Boersma, and H. H. Stein. 2005. Site of digestibility of protein and phosphorus by growing pigs fed diets without or with microbial phytase. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 389 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Protein, Digestibility, Phosphorus, Phytase
Authors: 
Boersma, Geraets, Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Apparent and standardized ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibility coefficients in four sources of dried distillers grain by growing pigs

Stein. H. H.  2004. Apparent and standardized ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibility coefficients in four sources of dried distillers grain by growing pigs. Ajinomoto-Novus Swine Summit, 2004 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Protein, Amino acids, Amino acid digestibility, Distillers dried grains with solubles, Standardized ileal digestibility, Apparent ileal digestibility
Authors: 
Stein
Publication Type: 
Abstracts

Endogenous secretions of proteins and amino acids in pregnant and lactating sows

Stein, H. H. and R. A. Easter, 1997. Endogenous secretions of proteins and amino acids in pregnant and lactating sows. In: J. P. LaPlace, C. Fevrier, and A. Barbeau (ED). Digestive physiology in pigs. EAAP publ. No 88. p. 321-324. St. Malo, France.  Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Sows, Protein, Amino acids, Endogenous protein, Lactation, Lactating sows, Endogenous losses, Gestation
Authors: 
Easter, Stein
Publication Type: 
Conference proceedings

Recommendations on feeding DDGS to swine

Stein, H. H. 2007. Recommendations on feeding DDGS to swine. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Swine News, Vol. 30(1):1-4. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Protein, Digestibility, Distillers dried grains with solubles, Energy, Phosphorus, Diet formulation
Authors: 
Stein
Publication Type: 
Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Measured digestibility values for DDGS aid diet formulation

Stein, H. H., C. Pedersen, and M.G. Boersma. 2005. Measured Digestibility values for DDGS aid diet formulation. National Hog Farmer, Dec. 15, 2005, p. 32. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Protein, Digestibility, Distillers dried grains with solubles, Energy, Phosphorus, Diet formulation
Authors: 
Pedersen, Boersma, Stein
Publication Type: 
Extension Reports and other non-refereed publications

Comparative protein and amino acid digestibilities in growing pigs and sows

Stein, H. H., S. Aref, and R. A. Easter. 1999. Comparative protein and amino acid digestibilities in growing pigs and sows. J. Anim. Sci. 77:1169-1179. Link to full text (.pdf)

Keywords: 
Sows, Protein, Amino acids, Digestibility, Ileum, Protein digestibility, Amino acid digestibility
Authors: 
Easter, Aref, Stein
Publication Type: 
Peer-reviewed journal articles