Lee

No increase in green house gas emmission from hybrid rye

Acosta, J. P, S. A. Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2025. No increase in green house gas emmission from hybrid rye. National Hog Farmer. On-line edition. July 31, 2025. Link to full text.

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Impact of soybean meal on nitrogen retention and concentrations of energy in diets fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal (SBM) is often included in cereal-based diets for growing pigs because it provides a well-balanced profile of digestible amino acids (AA), which maximizes growth performance and protein synthesis. However, in recent years, SBM has often been partially replaced by crystalline AA or alternative protein sources such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or corn protein. These co-products are by-products of the ethanol and vegetable oil industries and are commonly used in swine diets due to their availability and lower cost. Although they provide some indispensable AA, they have a less balanced AA profile and greater fiber concentrations than SBM, which may result in reduced AA digestibility, nitrogen retention, and energy utilization in pigs. However, pigs have become leaner and have greater requirements for dietary AA to support protein synthesis. In addition, it is often assumed that replacing SBM with corn and crystalline AA increases the energy of the diet, but recent data indicate that SBM may provide as much or more digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) than previously estimated. Therefore, it is possible that replacing SBM with corn co-products and crystalline AA may result in a reduction of nitrogen and energy utilization and increase nitrogen excretion in manure. Therefore, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that feeding intact protein from SBM to growing pigs, instead of combinations of SBM with crystalline AA or co-products such as DDGS or corn protein, results in greater nitrogen retention and greater DE in the diet without affecting ME.

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Replacement of soybean meal in diets for growing pigs with corn and synthetic amino acids results in reduced energy and nitrogen digestibility and reduced daily nitrogen retention, but metabolizable energy is not changed

Cristobal, Minoy, Su A Lee, Carl M. Parsons, and Hans H. Stein. 2025. Replacement of soybean meal in diets for growing pigs with corn and synthetic amino acids results in reduced energy and nitrogen digestibility and reduced daily nitrogen retention, but metabolizable energy is not changed. Journal of Animal Science, 2025, 103, skaf197.

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Tolerance of weanling pigs and effects on growth performance of supplementing corn-soybean mealbased diets with graded levels of a novel exogenous β-mannanase

Acosta, Jessica P., Su A Lee, Anna Fickler, and Hans H. Stein. 2025. Tolerance of weanling pigs and effects on growth performance of supplementing corn-soybean mealbased diets with graded levels of a novel exogenous β-mannanase. Translational Animal Science, 9, txaf061. doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf061 Link to full text.

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Release of phosphorus and inositol from soybean meal by growing pigs fed diets with graded levels of microbial phytase

Soybean meal (SBM) is a source of P in diets for swine. However, the P in SBM is stored as part of phytate, and pigs have very limited production of endogenous phytase. Therefore, to improve P availability, commercial pig diets often include supplemental phytase. This practice increases P digestibility, decreases the need for added phosphate, reduces feed costs, and decreases phosphorus excretion in manure. The release of P from phytate in SBM is believed to be in a dose-response manor. In addition, the destruction of phytate that is caused by phytase will also result in release of inositol, which is a sugar that may improve growth performance of pigs. However, there is very limited knowledge about how different levels of phytase influence plasma concentrations of inositol in growing pigs. Therefore, the objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that inclusion of microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs containing SBM will improve the digestibility of P in a dose-response manner and that inclusion of microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs also will increase plasma inositol levels of pigs.

 

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Comparative digestibility of energy and concentrations of energy in corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls fed to growing pigs and gestating and lactating sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Comparative digestibility of energy and concentrations of energy in corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls fed to growing pigs and gestating and lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 282–283, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.314 Link to abstract.

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Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Torres-Mendoza, Leidy J., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of duration time of heat treatment on amino acid digestibility in enzyme-treated soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 168–169, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.180 Link to abstract.

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Additive effects of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, blood vitamin D>3 metabolites, and bone biomarkers in growing pigs

Jaramillo, Bibiana M., Su A Lee, Jessica P. Acosta, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Additive effects of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and microbial phytase on digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, blood vitamin D>3 metabolites, and bone biomarkers in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 151–152, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.162 Link to abstract.

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Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs

Kim, Yeonwoo , Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestibility of energy and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in diets containing pistachio blanks fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 93–94, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.100 Link to abstract.

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Effects of using soybean meal, canola meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles on net energy, greenhouse gas emission, and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs

Ibagon, Jimena A., Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Effects of using soybean meal, canola meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles on net energy, greenhouse gas emission, and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs. Journal of Animal Science, Volume 103, Issue Supplement_1, May 2025, Pages 49–50, doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.054 Link to abstract.

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Could soybean meal and high levels of phytase aid pigs in the post-weaning period?

Mallea, A. P., S. A Lee, and H. H. Stein. 2025. Could soybean meal and high levels of phytase aid pigs in the post-weaning period?. National Hog Farmer. On-line edition. May 29, 2025. Link to full text.

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Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pistachio blanks and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Pistachio blanks are coproducts of pistachio processing and are discarded due to their hollow shells or immature nuts, which make them unusable as human food. Pistachio blanks float in water and the annual production is estimated to be between 50,000 and 70,000 metric tons. A similar coproduct, pistachio shell powder, was recently demonstrated to provide significant amounts of energy in diets for sows. However, there is no information about the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in pistachio blanks when fed to pigs. Although AA concentration in pistachio blanks is low, there is a need for determining standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in pistachio blanks. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the SID of AA in pistachio blanks are comparable to those in soybean meal (SBM) when fed to growing pigs.

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Impact of soybean oil on net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs allowed ad libitum access to feed

Diets for pigs may vary in composition and in their concentration of the energy containing nutrients (i.e., protein, fat, starch and sugars, and dietary fiber). To our knowledge, however, there is no information on how concentration of net energy (NE) is affected by dietary fat concentrations in diets fed to group-housed pigs. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that increased soybean oil in diets for group-housed growing pigs will increase NE and nitrogen balance.

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The soybean oil equivalency of soybean meal indicates a high energy value of soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

Ibagon, Jimena A., Hans H. Stein, and Su A. Lee. 2025. The soybean oil equivalency of soybean meal indicates a high energy value of soybean meal when fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 105: 1–7 (2025) | dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2025-0002 Link to full text.

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Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows

Kim, Yeonwoo, Su A Lee, Hans H. Stein. 2025. Digestible and metabolizable energy in soybean meal and soybean hulls when fed to growing pigs or sows. Translational Animal Science, 2025, 9, txaf041 doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf041 Link to full text.

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Determination of net energy and nitrogen balance in group-housed pigs fed diets containing varying levels of starch and fiber

Diets for pigs may vary in composition and in their concentration of the energy containing nutrients (i.e., protein, fat, starch and sugars, and dietary fiber). To our knowledge, however, there is no information on how concentration of net energy (NE) is affected by dietary starch and fiber concentrations in diets fed to group-housed pigs. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to determine NE and nitrogen balance in diets containing various levels of starch and fiber fed to group-housed pigs.

 

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There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs

Ruiz-Arias, N. C.,  S. A. Lee, H. H. Stein. 2025. There are only minor differences among soybeans grown in different areas of the United States in nutrient composition and digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 323 (2025) 116297. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116297. Link to full text.

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