Soybean meal

Soybean meal fed to pigs

Stein, H. H. 2012. Soybean meal fed to pigs. White paper presented at the International Poultry Expo, Atlanta, GA, January 24-16, 2012. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Soybean meal fed to pigs undergoes heat treatment to destroy trypsin inhibitors and other antinutritional factors that impair the digestion of protein and thus reduce performance. However, heat treatment can damage nutrients as well. In particular, the Maillard reaction reduces amino acid digestibility by combining amino acids with sugars to produce biologically unavailable compounds.

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed soybean meal that had been heat treated in varying ways and for varying times. Conventional soybean meal was divided into four batches. One batch was not heated; one was autoclaved at 125°C for 15 minutes; one was autoclaved at 125°C for 30 minutes; and the last one was oven dried at 125°C for 30 minutes. Ten growing barrows were fed a total of five different diets. The experimental diets contained 40% each of the four different soybean meals being tested. An N-free diet was also formulated and fed to measure the basal endogenous loss of protein and amino acids.

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Dietary soybean oil and choice white grease improve apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in swine diets containing corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles

Kil, D. Y. and H. H. Stein. 2011. Dietary soybean oil and choice white grease improve apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in swine diets containing corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 24:248-253. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs

González-Vega, J. C., B. G. Kim, J. K. Htoo, A. Lemme, and H. H. Stein. 2011. Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89:3617-3625. Link to full text (.pdf)

Concentration of energy and digestibility of energy and nutrients in fermented soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Soybean meal is a rich source of digestible amino acids for pigs. However, soybeans contain antinutritional factors such as antigenic proteins, oligosaccharides, lectins, and trypsin inhibitors that make soybeans and conventional soybean meal unsuitable for feeding to weanling pigs in great quantities. Therefore, animal protein is usually included in starter diets for pigs. Because soy protein is less expensive than the animal protein, strategies to reduce the antinutritional factors in soy products have been explored. Fermentation of soybean meal with bacteria such as Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus subtilis eliminates many antinutritional factors, and studies have shown that fermented soybean meal is well-tolerated by weanling pigs. However, there is a lack of data on the digestibility of energy and amino acids in fermented soybean meal. Two experiments were, therefore, conducted to measure the concentration of DE and ME and the digestibility of amino acids in fermented soybean meal and to compare these values to values obtained in conventional soybean meal and fish meal.

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Concentration of DE and ME in fermented soybean meal, conventional soybean meal, and fish meal fed to weanling pigs

Rojas, O. J. and H. H. Stein. 2011. Concentration of DE and ME in fermented soybean meal, conventional soybean meal, and fish meal fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 1):333 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in fermented and conventional soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Rojas, O. J. and H. H. Stein. 2011. Phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in fermented and conventional soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):99 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility and energy content of copra expellers, palm kernel expellers, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Sulabo, R. C., W. S. Ju, and H. H. Stein. 2011. Amino acid digestibility and energy content of copra expellers, palm kernel expellers, palm kernel meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 2):99 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Ileal digestibility of amino acids in conventional and low-Kunitz soybean products fed to weanling pigs

Goebel, K. P. and H. H. Stein. 2011. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in conventional and low-Kunitz soybean products fed to weanling pigs. Asian-Austr. J. Anim. Sci. 24:88-95. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility in conventional, high-protein, or low-oligosaccharide varieties of full-fat soybeans and in soybean meal by weanling pigs

Baker, K. M., B. G. Kim., and H. H. Stein. 2010. Amino acid digestibility in conventional, high protein, or low oligosaccharide varieties of full-fat soybeans and in soybean meal by weanling pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 162:66-73. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in yeast products, fish meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Kim, B. G. and H. H. Stein. 2010. Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in yeast products, fish meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88(E-Suppl. 3):86 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs

González, J. C., B. G. Kim, A. Lemme, and H. H. Stein. 2010. Amino acid digestibility in heated soybean meal fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88(E-Suppl. 2):489 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Fat digestibility in enzymatically treated soybean meal without and with choice white grease and vegetable oil

Goebel, K. P. and H. H. Stein. 2010. Fat digestibility in enzymatically treated soybean meal without and with choice white grease and vegetable oil. J. Anim. Sci. 88(E-Suppl. 2):213 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Ileal digestibility of amino acids in conventional, fermented, and enzyme-treated soybean meal and in soy protein isolate, fish meal, and casein fed to weanling pigs

Cervantes-Pahm, S. F., and H. H. Stein. 2010. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in conventional, fermented, and enzyme treated soybean meal and in soy protein isolate, fishmeal, and casein fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci.  88:2674-2683. Link to full text (.pdf)

Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on amino acid, energy, and fiber digestibility and on hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs

Urriola, P. E., and H. H. Stein. 2010. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on amino acid, energy, and fiber digestibility and on hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 88:1454-1462. Link to full text (.pdf)

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Intestinal digestibility of amino acids in rumen undegraded protein estimated using a precision-fed rooster bioassay: I. Soybean meal and SoyPlus

Boucher, S. E., S. Calsamiglia, C. M. Parsons, H. H. Stein, M. D. Stern, P. S. Erickson, P. L. Utterback, and C. G. Schwab. 2009. Intestinal digestibility of amino acids in rumen undegraded protein estimated using a precision-fed rooster bioassay: I. Soybean meal and SoyPlus. J. Dairy Sci. 92:4489-4498. Link to full text (.pdf)

Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in full fat soybeans from conventional, high protein, or low oligosaccharide varieties and in soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

Baker, K. M., and H. H. Stein. 2009. Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in full fat soybeans from conventional, high protein, or low oligosaccharide varieties and in soybean meal fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87 (E-Suppl. 3):94 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in soybean meal produced from high protein, high digestible, or conventional varieties of soybeans and fed to weanling pigs

Baker, K. M. and H. H. Stein.  2009. Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in soybean meal produced from high protein, high digestible, or conventional varieties of soybeans and fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87 (E-Suppl. 2):331 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Amino acid and energy digestibility in soybean meal from high protein and low oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans fed to growing pigs

Baker, K. M., and H. H. Stein. 2008. Amino acid and energy digestibility in soybean meal from high protein and low oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86(E-Suppl. 2):179 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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Nucleotide deficiencies in starter diets for weanling pigs

Mateo, C. D. and H. H. Stein. 2004. Page 55 in Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proc. Alltech's 20th Annual Symp., Lexington, KY, USA, May 23-26, 2004, Suppl. 1 (Abstr.) Link to abstract (.pdf)

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